<p>Tjeldsundet is a strait or sound in Northern Norway. The 50 km long strait is located between the island of Hinnøya and mainland Norway in its northern part and between Hinnøya and the island of Tjeldøya in its southern part. Tjeldsundet has been an important waterway for more than 1,000 years and was well known and used during the Viking Age.</p><br>
<p>The northern part is in Troms county between the municipalities of Harstad and Skånland, while the southern part is located in Nordland county between the municipalities of Tjeldsund and Lødingen. The southern entrance to the strait begins at the Ofotfjorden at the town of Lødingen and the town of Harstad is located at the northern entrance of the strait where it empties into the Vågsfjorden.</p><br>
<p>The Tjeldsund Bridge connects Hinnøya to the mainland by the E10 road, also known as King Olav&#39;s Road (Kong Olavs vei), part of which goes from the city of Harstad to Harstad/Narvik Airport, Evenes.</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<p>The Hamersley Range is a mountainous region of the Pilbara, Western Australia. The range was named on 12 June 1861 by explorer F.T. Gregory after Edward Hamersley, a prominent promoter of his exploration expedition to the Northwest.</p><br>
<p>The range runs from the Fortescue River in the northeast, 460 km to the south. The range contains Western Australia&#39;s highest point, Mount Meharry, which reaches approximately 1,249 m AHD. There are many extensively eroded gorges, such as Wittenoom Gorge. The twenty highest peaks in Western Australia are in the Hamersley Range. Peaks in the range include Mount Bruce (1,234 m), Mount Nameless (1,115 m), Mount Reeder Nichols (1,109 m), Mount Samson (1,107 m), Mount Truchanas (1,148 m) and Mount Tom Price (775 m).</p><br>
<p>Karijini National Park (formerly Hamersley National Park), one of Australia&#39;s largest National Parks, is centred in the range.</p><br>
<p>The range contains large deposits of iron ore, producing a large proportion of Australia&#39;s iron ore exports. It is predominately associated with Banded Iron Formation (BIF).</p><br>
<p>Western Australia&#39;s major iron producers have mines, communities and railways that occur along the range Rio Tinto operates several iron ore mines within the range including Mt. Tom Price, Marandoo, Brockman, Channar, West Angelas, Mesa A mine, and Paraburdoo. Over 100 million tonnes of iron ore is removed from the range every year.</p><br>
<p>In 1999 a small range within the Hamersley was named the Hancock Range after the Hancock family who were pioneers in the area. The Hancock range is east of Karijini National Park in a region of broad valleys and peaks that rise to almost 1,200 m. The Hancock Range is close to Mulga Downs Station, a property owned by the Hancock family and where Lang Hancock is buried.</p><br>
<p>The traditional owners of the area that the range runs through are the Yindjibarndi peoples.</p><br>
<p>The Noric Alps  is a collective term denoting various mountain ranges of the Eastern Alps. The name derives from the ancient Noricum province of the Roman Empire on the territory of present-day Austria and the adjacent Bavarian and Slovenian area.</p><br>
<h2>Concept history</h2><br>
<p>Referring to extinct Noricum, the designation originally comprised the Alpine mountain ranges in the medieval Bavarian stem duchy of East Francia, including the later Tyrol, Salzburg and Upper Austrian regions.</p><br>
<p>In the 19th century, the German term Norische Alpen covered the whole group of ranges of the Central Eastern and Northern Limestone Alps east of the Dreiherrnspitze peak. The Noric Alps were considered the major northern range of the Eastern Alps, alongside the Carnic Alps (i.e. the Carnic Alps proper, Gailtal Alps, Karawanks, Kamnik–Savinja Alps, and Pohorje) in the south and the Julian Alps in the southeast. Later the meaning was confined to the ranges south of the Alpine divide between the Mur and Drava rivers</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>In the traditional context, the Noric Alps are located mostly in Austria — 98% of the region is Austrian, mainly in the southern states of Carinthia and Styria—, with a small area in the adjacent Lower Styria region of Slovenia.</p><br>
<p>The area covers 9,811 km&sup2; and stretches 97 km from the upper Mur River in the North to the Drava in the South and 176 km from the Katschberg Pass in the West to the Mur River in the East. The Noric Alps are surrounded by the Hohe Tauern range in the West and the Low Tauern in the North, in the South they border on the Gailtal Alps, the Karavanke and Pohorje ranges of the Southern Limestone Alps.</p><br>
<p>The highest point is Mt. Eisenhut in Styria, which, at 2,441 m, is only modest in the context of the Eastern Alps, where many mountains rise above 3000m (10,000 ft). Other notable peaks in the range are Rosennock (2,440 m), Zirbitzkogel (2,396 m) and Großer Speikkogel (2,140 m).</p><br>
<p>In the south the Noric Alps comprise the Klagenfurt Basin with the historic centres of Zollfeld and Magdalensberg. The mountainside is characterised by transhumance (Alm) agriculture and was also a mining area, still for magnesite in the area of Radenthein. Today the region largely depends on tourism, in winter around the ski aras of Bad Kleinkirchheim, Krems, at Katschberg, Turracher Höhe and Klippitztörl, in summer around several picturesque Carinthian lakes like Wörthersee, Lake Millstatt or Lake Ossiach. The Nock Mountain National Park, accessible via the Nockalmstraße scenic road, is a protected landscape according to IUCN V category.</p><br>
<p>The Norian Age in the Triassic Period of geological time is named for the Noric Alps</p><br>
<h2>Classification</h2><br>
<p>The Italian Partizione delle Alpi classification of 1926 referred to the Alpi Noriche as the mountain chain from the Mur in the East up to the Brenner Pass in the West, including High and Low Tauern as well as Tux and Zillertal Alps.</p><br>
<p>According to the Alpine Club classification, the Noric Alps are divided into</p><br>
<p>the Gurktal Alps in the west, with the highest peaks in the Nock Mountains (Nockberge) region, and</p><br>
<p>the Lavanttal Alps up to the Mur River in the east, including the Poßruck/Kozjak range and Radl Pass at the Austrian-Slovene border in the south</p><br>
<p>separated by the Neumarkt Pass.</p><br>
<p>The Noric Alps roughly correspond to the Carinthian-Styrian Alps according to the recent unofficial SOIUSA classification.</p><br>
<p>Raystown Lake is a reservoir in Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania. It is the largest lake that is entirely within Pennsylvania. The original lake was built by the Simpson family of Huntingdon as a hydroelectric project. The current 8,300 acre Raystown Lake was completed in 1973 by the Army Corps of Engineers. Raystown is around 300 ft deep in the deepest area near the dam. The lake was created primarily to control floods, provide electricity, and support recreational activities. Allegheny Electric Cooperative operates the Raystown Hydroelectric Project and William F. Matson Generating Station at the Raystown Dam, a 21 MW, two-unit hydroelectric project.</p><br>
<p>Boating, swimming, mountain biking, scuba diving, and fishing are all popular activities. There are many campsites on the lake, as well as several boat launches, restaurants, and trails. Firework displays are held at the Raystown Lake Resort on Memorial Day Weekend, July 3, and the Sunday night before Labor Day. The fireworks at the resort are watched from the lake but can also be seen from the Pennsylvania Route 994 bridge; the resort is just south of this bridge.</p><br>
<p>There are many recreational opportunities around Raystown Lake, although the optimistic boom in tourism never really occurred, due partly to the fact that much of the surrounding land is owned by the Army Corps of Engineers and is not available for residential development. Therefore, summer homes, etc., were built near the lake but not on the waterfront and never grew as popular as had been hoped. However, this makes the experience of boating on the lake very different from many other lakes; the hills on the shores of the winding lake are blanketed right down to the water by the trees. In 2015, a Texas-based energy company proposed building a large resort and marina on the shore; however, several residents joined together in an attempt to protest the project, and it remains on hold.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>First Raystown Dam</h3><br>
<p>The development of the first Raystown Dam in 1905 conceived the starting point for a history in consequential dams which eventually led to the creation of Raystown Lake in 1972. It has been said that the original dam was the creation of George Ernest and Warren Brown Simpson. The formation of the idea had been recorded by the New Era Journal, October 12, 1905 in which it stated: "earlier in the year 1905 George Ernest Simpson and Warren Brown Simpson were fishing along the Branch. It was good water for bass at that time and their catch was very gratifying. Uncle Ernest, sometime during the day, said: W. B., this would make a fine location for a hydroelectric development." That idea took immediate fruit for they were both "promoters." No one knows how much time and thought was put into the project idea, but eventually permanent charters for the development of the stream were granted by the Commonwealth and signed by Governor Pennypacker on March 30, 1906 (Drake, 1905).</p><br>
<p>The 1905 Raystown Dam brought many changes for the Huntingdon area, physically and economically. The Raystown Dam was the first hydroelectric dam to be built on the Raystown Branch of the Juniata River and the construction process had fewer financial problems because it was a product of private instead of public enterprise. The December 9, 1989 edition of the Daily News stated, "The first power dam on the Raystown Branch was the product of private enterprise. It was conceived in 1906 when ten area men formed the Raystown Water Power Company. The corporation financed the construction of the dam, which took from 1907 to 1912 to build" (Shuck, 1989) The dam also brought a new diversity to the area in which Italian immigrants set up a small village and built the dam by hand and horsepower.</p><br>
<p>This dam also started to open the area for vast cottage development, but with this came problems. "Almost a thousand cottages are near its shores, and the construction last year by the County Commissioners of Fink&#39;s Bridge opened up another large area for development. But right now all this area is in turmoil just because some people have started talking about a new high level dam for this area; completely cover all existing cottages and permanent homes. This has resulted in a condition of such unrest that the real estate value of the present area has been very seriously harmed" (Drake, 1905).</p><br>
<p>Before the current Raystown Dam was constructed in 1972, the original dam underwent two purchases and one merger before it became the property of Pennsylvania Electric Company (Penelec) in 1946 (Shuck, 1989). This dam was destroyed on April 8, 1971.</p><br>
<h3>Second Raystown Dam</h3><br>
<p>The proposal for the new dam incorporated the ideas of bringing tourism into the area, promoting recreation, and flood control. The actual purpose stated, "The project will provide flood control, recreation, water quality and fish and wildlife enhancement" (USA Army Corps of Engineers, 1974). Although tourism and recreation was what was projected as the most important to the public and community, the reason the dam was approved was for flood control. The project was authorized under the general provisions of the Flood Control Act of 1962 (Public Law 87-874, 87th Congress, second session). The dam has a flood storage capacity of 247,900 acre-feet, equivalent to about 5 in of runoff from the drainage area of 960 square miles above the dam, between elevations of 786 and 812 (USA Army Corps of Engineers, 1965). "The project would reduce flood stages along the Juniata River at Mount Union, Lewistown, Mifflin, and Newport, Pennsylvania, and to a lesser extent, along the main stem of the Susquehanna River below the mouth of the Juniata River" (USA Army Corps of Engineers, 1965).</p><br>
<p>It is estimated that Raystown Lake was effective in preventing damages in the Juniata Basin downstream from the dam of $48,100,000 and of $11,900,000 along the lower Susquehanna River (USA Army Corps of Engineers, 1974). Another important aspect was the plan for its recreational activities. These recreational activities primarily were planned around summer water-based and outdoor sports by Karl Kaufffman, chief of outdoor planning and Michael Kolessar, project planning chief, both of Baltimore District, USA Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) (Anon., 1973). Their plan included impounding 8,300 acre to create a 30 mi lake, creating 110 mi of shoreline. In the early stages of the recreation creation it was projected that there would be 1.4 million annual visitors with a $2 million annual intake (USA Army Corps of Engineers, 1974). There were also the plans to build Seven Points Marina recreation area and Rothrock camping area.</p><br>
<p>Seven Points Marina was planned to provide long-term boat storage and marina services according to minimum specifications set by USA-CE. Kauffman and Kolessar stated that Seven Points recreation area was designed for public use and convenience, with camping areas, boat launching sites and bathing facilities-to provide the "whole gamut of outdoor recreation" (Anon., 1973). Also it was to be advertised national and supervised by the USACE Raystown Force (Anon., 1973).</p><br>
<p>Rothrock camping area would provide a camping space with a boat launching ramp, beach and shower facilities. But what is interesting is that Kauffman noted that the "camping spaces at the new reservoir will be 50 ft, center to center, and his (Kauffman&#39;s) management plans include withholding 20 percent of the total available camping area from use each year, on a rotating basis, to allow the vegetation time to recoup" (Anon., 1973).</p><br>
<p>Using the new dam for hydroelectric power should not have been a surprise considering that that was the primary purpose of the original dam. What was surprising was that the hydroelectric power was under much controversy and not completed until August 31, 1988, when the William F. Matson Generating Station was dedicated.</p><br>
<p>Much of the controversy had to do with the design of the station, because it was now publicly instead of privately owned, which opened the decisions of the design to a vast array of individuals instead of a limited few. "In August of 1979, the Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors, an independent review agency within the USA Army Corps of Engineers, put the issue of pumped storage hydro-electric generation to rest by announcing that it couldnt recommend federal participation in such a project due to a lack of local support" (Shuck, 1989). In 1980, Allegheny Electric Cooperative and the Pennsylvania Electric Company (Penelec) jointly filed application with the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission to build a run-of-the-river hydro power station just below the breast of the dam (Shuck, 1989). In this plan the turbines would only be spun by water exiting over the dams spillways, eliminating the threat of significant water fluctuations (Shuck, 1989). But because of the Three Mile Island disaster, Penelec left Allegheny Energy to be responsible for the project in 1986. This $41 million facility had the capacity of generating 21 megawatts and service 8,500 homes with energy.</p><br>
<p>The construction of the dam was a project of the Baltimore Corps of Engineers with Colonel Love in charge, Karl Kauffman chief of outdoor planning, and Michael Kolessar as project planning chief, and the Green Construction Company. Construction started in 1968 on the dam and operation began in 1973 (Anon., 1987).</p><br>
<p>The construction of the dam did leave an impact on the area which included covering many of Huntingdon County landmarks, such as the old Raystown Dam, Finks bridge, Murrell Worthing property near Entriken, Entriken Barn, Earl Fisher property near Entriken, Hawns Bridge, six cottages by New Hawns Bridge, Entriken Mansion, Charles Hoover Feed Mill near Aitch, Entriken Bridge, Juniata Township Community Center near Hawns Bridge, and Schell Bridge (Anon., 1966).</p><br>
<p>Although it might appear that the dam was well accepted in the area there were some controversial issues. One of the main controversies dealt with funding the project. During this time period in America the Vietnam Conflict was occurring and so leisure spending was not received well by most individuals who had ties with Vietnam. Also, there was the concern that this was a purely recreational unnecessary project and not for flood control. At the time the Chairman of the Senate Public Works</p><br>
<p>Committee, Senator Allen J. Ellender, did not approve of funding this unnecessary project. In the "Help Save the Raystown Dam" petition it states, "Senator Allen J. Ellender... has expressed his dissatisfaction with the new dam because he feels the Army Engineers should be taking care of flood control, navigation and hurricane projects, and not building recreational areas. The Army Engineers have told the committee that 62 percent of the reason for building the dam is for recreation." This petition listed five areas of concern:</p><br>
<p>The federal government should not be spending money to build recreational projects at this time</p><br>
<p>The Army Engineers should spend their time in projects that are more concerned with flood control, navigation and hurricane projection</p><br>
<p>All available money should be spent in supporting Armed Forces in Vietnam</p><br>
<p>All unnecessary spending should be cut to help keep the dollar sound</p><br>
<p>The average taxpayer in Central Pennsylvania does not support this new dam (Anon. 1968)</p><br>
<p>This petition was to take action for the May 8, 1968 hearing. The dam was approved for a total expenditure of 67.8 million dollars.</p><br>
<p>Another issue was the amount of land needed. The lands authorized to be acquired consisted of 15,000 acre for the dam and reservoir area, 13,000 acre for the public access and recreation area, and 2,000 acre for the wildlife mitigation area for a total acreage of 30,000 acre at $20,000,000.00 (USA Army Corps of Engineers, 1974). In the end 1,800 property owners sold their deeds or easements to the federal government and 407 graves were relocated (Shuck, 1990).</p><br>
<p>The construction of the new Raystown Dam and Raystown Lake was completed in 1972. The lake was conveniently nearly filled by Tropical Storm Agnes. The Lake Raystown Program of Dedication relates the significance of the Tropical Storm Agnes and the Lake Raystown Dam by noting, "The partially completed Raystown Lake Project was effective in storing 160,000 acre-feet of flood water (ultimate flood control storage is 248,000 acre-feet) during the June 1972 Storm Agnes which resulted in reducing peak flows in the Juniata River at Lewistown and Newport, Pennsylvania by 7.5 ft and 4.5 ft, respectively. Had the project not been available for flood storage, stages at both of these stations would have exceeded the record 1936 flood. It is estimated that Lake Raystown Dam was effective in preventing Agnes damages in the Juniata Basin downstream from the dam of $48,100,000 and of $11,900,000 along the lower Susquehanna River" (USA Army Corps of Engineers, 1974). The formal ceremony of dedication for Lake Raystown was June 6, 1974 and the area attracts about 1.5 million visitors annually.</p><br>
<p>The history of the Raystown Dam is not limited to the history of the dam and lake itself but also includes the human history of the watershed and the environmental laws relevant to the area. The original 34 ft hydroelectric dam underwent construction in 1907 resulting in the Raystown Water and Power Co. (later Penelec) generating their first electricity in 1912. The spillway elevation was around 650 ft above sea level.</p><br>
<p>The expansion brought the water level up to a normal operating level of 786 ft above sea level with an overflow at 812 ft, and included a 20 megawatt conventional hydropower generator.</p><br>
<p>Part of the town of Aitch is now under the level of the lake. While it is rumored that there are entire towns (and dead bodies of townspeople who refused to leave) still intact under the water, only a few more permanent structures were left in place. Some roads, a bridge over the old river, the original power station and the original dam still remain.</p><br>
<h3>Archaeological area</h3><br>
<p>Sheep Rock Shelter is an area of archaeological significance near the present-day Susquehannock Campground. Originally a wide ledge over the Juniata River, it provided shelter from the elements for its inhabitants. Its location and orientation preserved the remains buried below by protecting them from wind and moisture. When it was announced in the 1960s that the lake would be expanded, Juniata College and Pennsylvania State University excavated to uncover artifacts that would otherwise be flooded, ending their state of preservation. Their work recovered human remains from as long as 12,000 years ago. The Penn State University Library holds a 29-minute film about the site, titled "Discovery at Sheep Rock."</p><br>
<p>El Presidio Real de Santa Bárbara, also known as the Royal Presidio of Santa Barbara, is a former military installation in Santa Barbara, California, USA. The presidio was built by Spain in 1782, with the mission of defending the Second Military District in California. In modern times, the Presidio serves as a significant tourist attraction, museum and an active archaeological site as part of El Presidio de Santa Barbara State Historic Park.</p><br>
<p>The park contains an original adobe structure called El Cuartel, which is the second oldest surviving building in California, only the chapel at Mission San Juan Capistrano, known as "Father Serra&#39;s Church", is older. The Presidio of Santa Barbara has the distinction of being the last military outpost built by Spain in the New World. The Presidio became a California Historical Landmark in 1958 and was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Contemporary setting and use</h2><br>
<p>The current El Presidio de Santa Barbara State Historic Park site sits between Anacapa and Garden Street on East Canon Perdido Street in downtown Santa Barbara. The main portion of the site is across the street from the Santa Barbara city Post Office, and is about two blocks from city hall, De la Guerra Plaza and two other museums, the Santa Barbara Historical Museum and the Casa de la Guerra and includes a reconstructed quadrangle with soldiers&#39; quarters and a chapel.</p><br>
<p>Only two portions of the original presidio quadrangle survive to this day: a remnant of the Cañedo Adobe, named for José María Cañedo, the Soldado de Cuera to whom it was deeded in lieu of back pay when the Presidio fell to inactivity, and the remnants of a two-room soldiers quarters, called El Cuartel. The Cañedo Adobe is currently serving as the visitor’s center for the state park, and El Cuartel is largely unmodified. The site administrator, the Santa Barbara Trust for Historic Preservation (SBTHP), reconstructed the rest of the site, with the most recent construction—two rooms in the northwest corner of the site—finished in May 2006. The reconstruction is ongoing, with the more recent construction of two more rooms in the northwest corner.</p><br>
<p>The Presidio Chapel and courtyard were also completed during the construction of the quadrangle. The chapel is occasionally used for civic events such as musical concerts and lectures. Although not a canonical Roman Catholic oratory, Roman Catholic weddings are occasionally performed in the chapel with the permission of the local Roman Catholic Santa Barbara Pastoral Regional bishop.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The site of the Presidio was chosen by Felipe de Neve, the fourth governor of Las Californias. Perceiving that the coast at Santa Barbara was vulnerable to attack, he located a spot near a harbor which was sheltered from severe storms. In addition, there was an ample supply of both building materials and water nearby. Construction began on April 21, 1782, and Padre Junípero Serra blessed the site. By the next year, a temporary facility had been completed, and a wheat field planted by the local Chumash Indians of Chief Yanonalit. The early Presidio consisted of mud and brush walls around a quadrangle 330 feet on a side. The post had 61 officers and men in 1783.</p><br>
<p>The first comandante, José Francisco Ortega, planned the fortifications and irrigation works. He obtained livestock for the presidio from Mission San Buenaventura, established orchards, and began large-scale farming. In 1784, Felipe de Goicoechea took over as comandante, supervising construction of the fortifications and living quarters for the soldiers and their families. Two years later, construction of the nearby Mission Santa Barbara began in 1786. The pueblo or town of Santa Barbara developed around the Presidio, which offered protection for the residents. The chapel in the Presidio was the primary place of worship for the residents of early Santa Barbara, until its destruction by the 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake. The mission, located a mile and a half inland, was mainly intended for use by the native Chumash (Barbareño) neophytes after their conversion to Catholicism.</p><br>
<p>The Presidio was built to standard plans for a Spanish colonial military headquarters, using locally available materials, so the buildings forming the outer square were constructed with thick, solid adobe outer walls. The main gate opened into an open parade ground/plaza in the center of the square. The chapel stood at the center of the back of the square, facing the gate across the plaza. While it was never attacked by a strong military force during its sixty years of operation, the Presidio was subject to the assaults of nature. Several devastating earthquakes in the early 19th century destroyed much of the structure.</p><br>
<p>In 1855 the Presidio Chapel grew into the Apostolic College of Our Lady of Sorrows, which soon became Our Lady of Sorrows Church at the corner of Figueroa and State Streets, and then at the corner of Anacapa and Sola streets in 1929. However, both still stand separately as vibrant churches of a richly Catholic history.</p><br>
<h2>Mexican-American War</h2><br>
<p>At the time of the Mexican-American War in Alta California, very little of the fortress remained in usable condition, and on December 27, 1846, John C. Frémont ascended San Marcos Pass during rainy weather and came up on the Presidio and the town from behind. The Presidio surrendered without a fight, as the garrison was far south in the Pueblo de Los Angeles. Frémont had heard that the Mexican army was lying in ambush for him at Gaviota Pass, the only other sensible route over the mountains at that time, and had crossed the difficult muddy track on San Marcos Pass to outflank them, but this move turned out not to have been necessary. Mexican General Andrés Pico later surrendered his force to Frémont, recognizing that the war was lost.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>In 1963, the Santa Barbara Trust for Historic Preservation (SBTHP) was founded, with the primary mission of restoring the Presidio. In 1966, the land on which the Presidio is located became a State Historic Park. On December 27, 2006, the SBTHP renewed their ongoing agreement with the California State Parks Department to manage the Presidio. Work on the restoration is currently taking place. On November 26, 1973 the Presidio of Santa Barbara was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h3>Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail</h3><br>
<p>The Presidio of Santa Barbara is one of the designated tour sights of the Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail, a National Park Service unit in the United States National Historic Trail and National Millennium Trail programs.</p><br>
<p>The Connaught Building is a historic office building in Ottawa, Canada, owned by Public Works and Government Services Canada. It is located at 555 MacKenzie Avenue just south of the American Embassy. To the east the building looks out on the Byward Market and to the west is MacKenzie Avenue and Major&#39;s Hill Park. Today it houses the headquarters of the Canada Revenue Agency . The Minister and Commissioner of the CRA have offices in the building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>By the early 20th century, the Parliament Buildings were running out of space to house Canadas civil service and offices of the legislative branch of the government. The Tudor-Gothic structure was designed by chief architect David Ewart, who also did the similarly modified Norman style architecture of the Victoria Memorial Building of the Canadian Museum of Nature and the Royal Canadian Mint. Work began on the building in 1913, but the First World War and other problems intervened, greatly slowing construction. The building was completed in 1915 and first used as the Customs Examining Warehouse by the Canada Customs (then the countrys customs and border security agency). The building was named after the Duke of Connaught, third son of Queen Victoria, who served as 10th Governor General of Canada from 1911–16. It had one basement level and seven levels above ground. In 1971, the building underwent extensive renovation and two additional levels were created by building floors inside the high ceilings of the basement and ground floors. The building subsequently comprised two basement levels and eight above grade levels (on the Sussex Drive side). The third floor also exits to MacKenzie Avenue at street level.</p><br>
<p>The Connaught Building was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1990, on the basis that the building is a testament to Sir Wilfrid Lauriers commitment to the enhancement of architecture in Canadas capital, and as it is one of the best works of David Ewart.</p><br>
<p>The building has been designated since 1988, as a "Federal Heritage Building" of "Classified" Status, the highest level of protection for federally owned buildings, primarily for its architectural significance.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Concourse  is a major thoroughfare in the borough of the Bronx in New York City. It was designed by Louis Aloys Risse, an Alsatian immigrant who had previously worked for the New York Central Railroad and was later appointed chief topographical engineer for the New York City government.</p><br>
<p>Some of the neighborhoods that Grand Concourse runs through include Claremont, Concourse, Highbridge, Fordham, Mott Haven, Mount Eden, Mount Hope, and Tremont.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Risse first conceived of the road in 1890, as a means of connecting the borough of Manhattan to the northern Bronx. Construction began on the Grand Concourse in 1894 and it was opened to traffic in November 1909. Built during the height of the City Beautiful movement, it was modeled on the Champs-Élysées in Paris but is considerably larger, stretching four miles (6 km) in length, measuring 180 ft across, and separated into three roadways by tree-lined dividers, so some minor streets did not cross the Concourse. The cost of the project was $14 million (worth $ today). The road originally stretched from the Bronx Borough Hall at 161st Street north to Van Cortlandt Park, although it was expanded southward to 138th street in 1927 after Mott Avenue was widened to accommodate the boulevard.</p><br>
<p>The IRT Jerome Avenue Line of the New York City Subway opened a few blocks west of the Grand Concourse in 1917, initiating a housing boom amongst upwardly mobile, predominantly Jewish and Italian, families who were fleeing the crowded tenements of Manhattan. In 1923, Yankee Stadium opened near the Grand Concourse at 161st Street, down the hill from the Concourse Plaza Hotel. South of Fordham Road, the palatial Loews Paradise theater, one of the Loews Wonder Theatres and at one time the largest movie theater in New York City, was constructed in 1929.</p><br>
<p>Development of the Concourse was further encouraged by the opening of the IND Concourse Line in 1933. By the mid-1930s, almost three hundred apartment buildings had been built along the Concourse. Customarily five or six stories high with wide entrance courtyards bordered with grass and shrubs, among these apartments are many of the finest examples of Art Deco and Art Moderne architecture in the United States. Even though the Great Depression, which was happening at the time, ended the period of tremendous growth, privately financed apartment buildings continued to be constructed. Furthermore, work was done on the Grand Concourse as part or WPA programs. During this period, the Bronx had more amenities than other boroughs: in 1934, almost 99% of residences had private bathrooms, and 95% had central heating. In the 1939 WPA guide to New York, the Grand Concourse was described as "the Park Avenue of middle-class Bronx residents, and the lease to an apartment in one of its many large buildings is considered evidence of at least moderate business success."</p><br>
<p>In 1941, the New York City Planning Department proposed converting the boulevard into an expressway, in order to connect the Major Deegan Expressway and the proposed Park Avenue Expressway to the south with the Mosholu Parkway to the north. However, these plans were abandoned following the southern extension of the Bronx River Parkway in the 1940s and the extension of the Major Deegan Expressway to the north in the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>The south and central Bronx began to rapidly deteriorate in the 1960s. White flight drained many residents of the South Bronx, pulled by the dream of suburban life and pushed by fear of mounting crime. At the same time, over 170,000 people displaced by slum clearance in Manhattan, mostly African American and Puerto Rican, moved to the Bronx. The city also adopted policies of relocating welfare recipients to the area, paying fees to landlords. Migration to the suburbs, retirement to Florida, and the construction of Co-op City in the fringes of the northeastern Bronx between 1968 and 1970 drained the areas along the Grand Concourse of most of its remaining middle-class residents. Many if not most buildings in the area were damaged by arson, vandalism, and a lack of maintenance. Even along the Grand Concourse, some buildings and apartments were left abandoned and boarded or bricked shut. Starting in the 1990s, when the Bronx&#39;s population began to grow for the first time in twenty years, a wave of affordable housing construction came to the area.</p><br>
<p>In 1992, the New York City Department of Transportation conducted a study of the Grand Concourse, which resulted in improvements such as left-turn signals; pedestrian barriers; roadway markings; repainted crosswalks; and new and improved signage. These improvements continued along the entire corridor through 2006. As an experiment, the NYCDOT also completely rebuilt the section between 161st Street and 167th Streets starting in 1999, as a "demonstration" project. Funding is being allocated for a reconstruction of the Grand Concourse from 171st Street to 175th Street, which is already in planning. In January 2017, the New York City Department of Transportation started planning for a fourth phase, which will renovate the section between 175th Street and Fordham Road.</p><br>
<p>In 2011, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission declared a historic district on the Grand Concourse from 153rd to 167th Street. The State of New York had previously nominated for listing the buildings at 730–1000, 1100–1520, 1560, and 851–1675 Grand Concourse for listing on the National Register of Historic Places as a historic district</p><br>
<p>Because of its attractive art deco buildings and close proximity to Manhattan, the southern portion has been experiencing gentrification and is drawing many young professionals to the area. In fact, in recent years the area around the Grand Concourse has been the center of what real state agents are calling a “renewal.” New people are moving in and severe crime rates have significantly gone down. However, opinions are still divided, as some think that, while the area will experience demographic changes, it will be working-class, “community-oriented” people, as opposed to richer individuals, like in other neighborhoods of the city.</p><br>
<h2>Significant buildings</h2><br>
<p>Several buildings of importance to New York City and the Bronx, both because of their history and their current use, are located along the Grand Concourse. Among these stand out:</p><br>
<p>The Bronx County Courthouse</p><br>
<p>The Bronx General Post Office</p><br>
<p>The Bronx Museum of the Arts</p><br>
<p>Dollar Savings Bank Building, the 10-story headquarters of the Dollar Dry Dock Savings Banks (now liquidated)</p><br>
<p>Hostos Community College, at 475 Grand Concourse</p><br>
<p>Loew&#39;s Paradise Theater, in Fordham</p><br>
<p>The Poe Cottage, the last home of Edgar Allan Poe</p><br>
<p>The Fish Building, at 1150 Grand Concourse</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Novelist E. L. Doctorow has featured the Grand Concourse in much of his writing.</p><br>
<p>In Jacob M. Appel&#39;s story, "The Grand Concourse" (2007), a woman who grew up in the Lewis Morris Building returns to the Morrisania neighborhood with her adult daughter to discover the boulevard is far from how she remembers it.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Concourse figures prominently in Tom Wolfe&#39;s 1987 novel The Bonfire of the Vanities, where its evolution from "the summit of the Jewish dream" and the "new Canaan" to a rundown, unsafe thoroughfare is seen through the eyes of frustrated Assistant District Attorney Larry Kramer.</p><br>
<p>In the television series Rhoda, Rhoda Morgenstern&#39;s parents Ida and Martin live in an apartment on the Grand Concourse.</p><br>
<p>Grand Concourse "Avenue" is referred to in Act One, Scene One, of Tony Kushner&#39;s 1993 play Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes, where Rabbi Isidor Chemelwitz describes it as a first generation immigrant settlement.</p><br>
<p>Ayn Rand mentions the Grand Concourse in The Fountainhead, when Dominique decides to have a justice of the peace in Connecticut marry her to Peter Keating. To speed the trip, Keating tells her to "get to the Grand Concourse. Fewer lights there."</p><br>
<p>In The Facts of Life episode "Taking a Chance On Love", Jo and her photography professor discuss art. She mentions the Grand Concourse as a place that creates a feeling within her.</p><br>
<p>Monsignor McGolrick Park is located in Greenpoint, Brooklyn, in New York City, between Driggs Avenue to the south, Russell Street to the west, Nassau Avenue to the north, and Monitor Street to the east.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The land for the park was acquired by the city in 1889 and the park was open by the in 1891. It was originally called Winthrop Park after an assemblyman, Col. Winthrop Jones, who acquired the for the purchase and who happened to be the son of the Parks Commissioner. Jones died in 1890, shortly after the parks creation. In 1941 the park was renamed for Monsignor Edward J. McGolrick (1857-1938), the longtime pastor of nearby St. Cecilias Roman Catholic Church. Winthrop Jones had had no children, and so left no family in Greenpoint to oppose the renaming of the park he had helped establish.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The classical brick and limestone Shelter Pavilion was built in 1910 by Helmle and Huberty. It was designated a New York City Landmark in 1966 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. It was rehabilitated in 1985.</p><br>
<p>West of the pavilion stands a bronze winged victory figure created by Carl Augustus Heber in 1923. The monument honors the 150 residents of Greenpoint, Brooklyn who fought in World War I. The statue depicts a female allegorical figure, holding aloft a modified laurel, a symbol of victory, and in her right hand supporting a large palm frond, a symbol of peace. The granite pedestal is inscribed with the names of battle sites in France. The monument was commissioned at a cost of $7,300 by the Greenpoint Memorial Association.</p><br>
<p>The Monitor and the Merrimac is a sculpture by Antonio de Filippo, which commemorates the Battle of the Monitor and Merrimack. The USS Monitor was built nearby at the Continental Iron Works in Greenpoint and outfitted at the Brooklyn Navy Yard.</p><br>
<h2>Vandalism</h2><br>
<p>The park has often suffered from vandalism, despite several focused cleanup programs. Many teenagers continue to vandelize the park after many cleanups.</p><br>
<p>Hachirōgata is a lake in Akita Prefecture in northern Japan. Its formal name is Lake Hachirō , but it is also called Hachirōgata Regulating Pond . At 4 meters below sea level, Hachirōgata is the lowest point in Japan.</p><br>
<p>Hachirōgata was the second-largest lake in Japan after Lake Biwa. Extensive reclamation began in 1957 for crop production, and Ōgata village was established on the reclaimed land on October 1, 1964. The remaining lake has an area of 48.3 km² (18th largest in Japan).</p><br>
<p>Some regard the reclamation as a mistake, since Japan began to be bothered with surplus rice soon after the completion of the reclamation. Others lament the loss of the wetlands.</p><br>
<p>Fishery of shijimi shells (Corbicula japonica) was a thriving industry, but it decreased as the lake became less brackish. In the winter, people fish wakasagi (Hypomesus nipponensis) by hollowing out the frozen surface. Today, black bass fishing attracts tourists even outside the prefecture, though some suspect that indigenous species are threatened by the invasion of the extraneous fish.</p><br>
<h2>Legend</h2><br>
<p>According to a legend, a man called Hachirō was transformed into a dragon and chose the lake for his home after wandering a long time. Thus, the lake was named Hachirō-gata (-gata means "lagoon"). Later, he was attracted to a woman who owned Lake Tazawa, another lake in Akita Prefecture, and moved to be with her. After that, Hachirōgata became increasingly shallower.</p><br>
<p>Idalion or Idalium  was an ancient city in Cyprus, in modern Dali, Nicosia District. The city was founded on the copper trade in the 3rd millennium BC. Its name in the 8th century BC was "Ed-di-al" as it appears on the Sargon Stele of 707 BC, and a little later on the nl:Prism of Esarhaddon.</p><br>
<p>Recent excavations have uncovered major buildings on the site which are open to visitors.</p><br>
<p>A new museum is also near to the site.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>The ancient city</h3><br>
<p>The original inhabitants were natives of the island, known to scholars as the "Eteocypriotes". The original city lay on the northern side of the Gialias River in modern "Ayios Sozomenos". During the 13th century BC the people of Ed-di-al began manufacturing operations on the south side of the river in what is now modern Dhali. From there the city grew to the major urban and copper-trading centre founded by the Neo-Assyrians at the end of the 8th century BC.</p><br>
<p>The city was the centre of the worship of the Great Goddess of Cyprus, the "Wanassa" or Queen of Heaven, known as Aphrodite and her consort the "Master of Animals". This worship appears to have begun in the 11th century BC and continued down through the Roman Period.</p><br>
<p>The ancient city was located in the fertile Gialias valley and flourished there as an economic centre due to its location close to the mines in the eastern foothills of the Troodos Mountains and its</p><br>
<p>proximity to the cities and ports on the south and east coast. Idalion prospered and became so wealthy that it was among the 11 cities of Cyprus listed on the Sargon Stele (707 BC) and first among the ten Cypriot kingdoms listed on the prism (many-sided tablet) of the Assyrian king Esarhaddon (680–669 BC).</p><br>
<p>The city included two acropoleis while houses were in the lower city. The fortified palace was built in 750-600 BC on Ampileri Hill, the west acropolis of the city, and rebuilt in 600-475 BC against attacks by Kition. The Temple of Athena was also located there. The east acropolis on Moutti tou Arvili Hill functioned as a sacred centre and included the Temples of Apollo, Aphrodite and of other gods. The lower city was also fortified, at least during the 5th c. BC.</p><br>
<p>The first evidence of non-Cypriot presence (Greek, Phoenician, and others) appears in the Archaic Period (c. 550 BC) in Phoenician inscriptions found in the Adonis Temenos on the East Acropolis.</p><br>
<p>Production by the mint dating from 535 BC shows the city&#39;s authority and prosperity. The fortified palace was also a sign of this prosperity as it is one of the few, and the largest known, in Cyprus.</p><br>
<p>The first Kings of Idalion were Greek as shown from coin inscriptions and the important Idalion Tablet. The tablet also shows that the last king, Stakyspros, was democratic in governing by decisions taken with a council of citizens and the resulting documented laws discovered in the temple of Athena. It also shows that there was a social welfare system during the sieges of the city by the Persians and Kitions of 478-470 BC. The king was the biggest landowner and borders of plots were registered.</p><br>
<p>The city was conquered by Kition, a Phoenician city at that time, in about 450 BC. The palace became their administrative centre; the archive of tax payments was discovered here. Under Kition the city became the centre of a cult of Aphrodite and of the Helleno-Phoenician deity Resheph-Apollo.</p><br>
<p>From 300 BC the palace and west acropolis were abandoned and the city became centred on the east acropolis, around the special sanctuaries for Aprodite and Adonis which continued their importance.</p><br>
<p>The city existed in Hellenistic and Roman times but its extent is not yet known.</p><br>
<p>"Rosemary scented Idalium" appears in the poetry of Propertius and others as the place where Venus (or Aphrodite, the original pre-Greek Queen of Heaven) met Adonis (the original pre-Greek consort of the Queen of Heaven, or Lord).</p><br>
<h3>Cypro-Syllabic script</h3><br>
<p>Cypro-Syllabic script (11th to 2nd century BC) was deciphered based on the Cypriot-Phoenician bilingual text of Idalion. Starting with the Cypriot-Phoenician bilingual text of Idalion (a dedication to the god Reshef Mikal – identified as Apollo Amyklos – 4th century BC), George Smith carried out a first attempt at interpretation in 1871, later developed and improved, thanks also to the Idalion Tablet, by the Egyptologist Samuel Birch (1872), the numismatist Johannes Brandis (1873), the philologists Moritz Schmidt, Wilhelm Deeke, Justus Siegismund (1874) and the dialectologist H.L. Ahrens (1876).</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>The site is one of the few that was left undisturbed for centuries and therefore is ideal for archaeological investigation.</p><br>
<p>In the 19th century Luigi Palma di Cesnola, USA consul, was brought ancient pots and limestone statuettes by residents of Dhali. He went there and claimed to have “cleared” some 3,000 tombs after which three ships were loaded with antiquities, one of which sank in the Mediterranean, while the others reached New York to help found the Metropolitan Museum of Art.</p><br>
<p>In 1868 R. Hamilton Lang, the British Consul, found an open-air sanctuary which he called the "Temple of Apollo" containing 142 limestone sculptures, now in the British Museum.</p><br>
<p>From 1927, the Swedish Cyprus Expedition started its work on the island and did a lot of work at Idalium. On the western acropolis they excavated the remains of a fortification wall. They identified six different building periods. Periods 1–3 were dated to the Late Cypriote III, when the city kingdom of Idalion seems to have been formed. Periods 4–6 were considered to belong from Cypro-Geometric III to Cypro-Archaic II. Based on these assumptions, the earliest settlement on the acropolis could have begun around 1200 BC.</p><br>
<p>More recent excavations have brought to light much of the fortified palace and other monuments.</p><br>
<p>The sanctuary of Adonis (Apollo) has produced many statues and objects which are now in museums.</p><br>
<p>The Idalion Tablet is a 5th-century BC bronze tablet found here and inscribed on both sides. The script of the tablet is in the Cypriot syllabary and the inscription itself is in Greek. The tablet records a contract between "the king and the city" and mentions a reward given to a family of physicians for providing free health services to casualties during the siege of Idalion by the Persians.</p><br>
<p>North of Idalium is the Nymphaeum of Kafizin, with Cypro-syllabic inscriptions dated to 225–218 BC.</p><br>
<p>Jabal Ḥafeet   is a mountain located primarily in the environs of Al Ain, which itself is in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi in the UAE. Part of the mountain straddles the border with Oman, while the summit is located wholly within United Arab Emirates.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<h3>Orography</h3><br>
<p>Jebel Hafeet is about long and wide, extending from north to south. The range is asymmetric and in the eastern part is much steeper (25 to 40 degrees) than the west side.</p><br>
<p>The mountain rises and offers an impressive view over the city. Jebel Hafeet is a well-known landmark throughout the area&#39;s history and is a contemporary tourist attraction. An extensive natural cave system winds through Jabal Hafeet.</p><br>
<p>It is often incorrectly labelled the UAEs highest mountain (as it is certainly the most well-known); this honor actually belongs to Jabal Jais, a mountain in Ras Al Khaimah and is the UAEs highest point in Al Ain. Roadworks to reach the peak are now complete.</p><br>
<h3>Geology</h3><br>
<p>The mountain is composed of many distortions of individual layers of rock rich in fossils of plankton, while at the foot of the mountain it is possible to find various marine fossils (such as coral or crabs).</p><br>
<p>Jebel Hafeet is crossed by a system of caves, some of which have been explored to a depth of no more than. In the caves there are well-preserved stalagmites and stalactites. Access to the caves is partly natural, while in other parts of the city of Al Ain the entrance is blocked.</p><br>
<p>At the foot of Jebel Hafeet lies the "Green Mubazarrah", which is a major tourist attraction: several hot springs flow into small streams and form a lake, while pools and hot tubs are spread throughout the area.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>On the mountain has been observed the yellow bloom of Acridocarpus orientalis.And a numerous amount of other plants have been seen around caves in the mountain</p><br>
<p>The caves of Jebel Hafeet are a natural habitat for a wide range of animals, including bats, foxes, snakes and rodents such as hyraxes. The lizard Acanthodactylus opheodurus, which until 1982 was considered extinct in the UAE, has been observed in the area. Among the birds, there is the greatest biodiversity of the whole country: a study counted 119 species of birds. Finally, they have been cataloged about 200 different insects and 23 species of butterflies.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>At the foothills of the mountain, 500 tombs were excavated that dated between 3200 and 2700 BC. While the graves on the north side have been partially destroyed by the construction projects, the southern tombs are preserved. Some of the tombs contain skeletons, some of which are adorned with bronze objects and pearls. Other objects found in the tombs include ceramics of Mesopotamia, witnessing to the ancient trade relations that existed at that time.</p><br>
<p>Because of its exceptional archaeological and historical value, in 1993, the "Desert Park and the tombs" (which includes the Jebel Hafeet) was inscribed on the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites as the "Cultural Sites of Al Ain: Hafit, Hili, Bidaa Bint Saud and Oases Areas".</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>Famous tourist center of the area from the top of which has a broad view over the whole area, a hotel and a radar station was built onto the mountain.</p><br>
<p>At the foothills of Jabal Ḥafeet lies the Green Mubazarrah, a well-developed tourist attraction. At the Green Mubazarrah, hot-water springs gush forth in little streams and form a lake. Swimming pools and jacuzzis are scattered all over the Green Mubazarrah. Jabal Ḥafeet is also home to a wide range of animals including bats, foxes, and snakes.</p><br>
<p>On top of the mountain, there is a radar station and a Mercure-Hotel, as well as a palace.</p><br>
<h2>Hafeet Mountain Road</h2><br>
<p>The Jebel Hafeet Mountain Road, built in 1980, extends for up the mountain, rising. With 60 turns and three lanes (two climbing and one descending), the immaculate road was called the greatest driving road in the world by Edmunds.com. The road scales the mountain and ends at a parking lot with only a hotel and a palace belonging to the country&#39;s rulers. Part of the climax of the Bollywood film Race was shot on the Jabel Hafeet mountain.</p><br>
<p>The road was built by Strabag International of Cologne, Germany.</p><br>
<p>Hafeet Mountain Road is the challenge for cyclists who frequently come over to train. The Jabal Hafeet Mercure Challenge is an annual road cycling competition taking place somewhere in January. National and international riders take part in climbing the 8% average ascent of the mountain. In 2015 it hosted the arrival of the third stage of first edition of Abu Dhabi Tour, a cycling race organized by RCS Sport, won by Colombian Esteban Chaves.</p><br>
<p>is a large private, non-sectarian cemetery located in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. It is located at 3600 Hennepin Avenue at the southern end of the Uptown area. It is noted for its chapel which is on the National Register of Historic Places and was modeled after the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, Turkey.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>About 250 acres in size, Lakewood memorializes the dead with more than 100,000 monuments and markers. Long considered one of the most beautiful cemeteries in the country, it was modeled after the rural cemeteries of 19th-century France, such as Père-Lachaise in Paris. When Lakewood was established in 1871 rural cemeteries were becoming more popular as part of a growing trend away from churchyard burials in the heart of the city.</p><br>
<p>In July 1871 Colonel William S. King, local businessman and newspaper publisher, proposed to community leaders of the city that they work together to establish a cemetery "on some of the beautiful locations out near the lakes, where the encroachments of the city would never seriously interfere." In August of the same year a meeting was held for establishing the Lyndale Cemetery Association (Changed to Lakewood in Feb of 1872). According to the minutes of the original meeting recorded by Thomas Lowry, "that after an examination of various localities they had chosen the land owned by William S. King lying between Lakes Calhoun and Harriet." Colonel King agreed to sell his land for the purpose at a cost of $21,000, "to be paid back over a year at 7 percent interest." The first trustees voted to raise $25,000 to purchase the land and make improvements at a time when the cost of a home in Minneapolis was about $500. The money was raised by selling 250 shares of stock at $100 a piece, two-thirds of which was purchased by the trustees themselves.The remaining balance was solicited by a committee and sold to other local investors. In April 1872 Superintendent A.B. Barton and the board of trustees employed C. W. Folsom, Superintendent of Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts to develop plans for the new cemetery. In October 1872 the Association reacquired all stocks that had been sold to the public.</p><br>
<p>The public dedication of Lakewood was held on September 16, 1872, with "a large number of lots being selected at the close of the exercise by the citizens present." Many of the earliest lots sold in the 1870s-1880s remained unused until 1972 when they were reclaimed for resale to the public. The first person buried in Lakewood Cemetery was Maggie Menzel who died on January 24, 1872 at the age of nineteen.</p><br>
<p>Architect Harry Wild Jones designed the cemeterys chapel which began construction in August 1908. Built of the finest materials, the chapel seats about 200 and is renowned for its beauty and superb acoustics. The dome is 65 feet high with 24 stained glass windows inset its full circumference. Charles R. Lamb of New York orchestrated the design of the chapels interior mosaic artwork. Six highly skilled artists of Italy were enlisted to create 10 million tessellae in Venice, which were then shipped to Lakewood where those same artists performed the arduous task of assembling them in the chapels interior. Completed in 1910, the chapels total cost of construction was $150,000. Lakewood Chapel was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 20, 1983.</p><br>
<p>Cremation services were begun in 1910 and have continued to the present day. In 1965-67 a community mausoleum and columbarium was built with enough space for over 5000 crypts and niches. One of the buildings more notable features are the 24 eight-foot stained glass windows by Willet Stained Glass Studios of Philadelphia. A large reflecting pool just outside the mausoleums east side extends toward the garden crypt area and Lakewood&#39;s historic chapel nearby.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, a new Garden Mausoleum, designed by HGA Architects of Minneapolis, was opened alongside the reflecting pool, adding a further 879 crypts and 4,620 cremation niches.</p><br>
<p>Since its inception in 1872 Lakewood has continued to operate as a non-profit, non-denominational cemetery providing funeral services to the public. Many Minneapolis streets, parks, and monuments bear the names of the Lakewood&#39;s original founders &mdash; Thomas Lowry, William D. Washburn, and Charles M. Loring, to name a few. The cemetery itself memorializes many notable persons, including former Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey, Civil War General Lewis A. Grant, and Senator Paul Wellstone who was killed in a plane crash in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>Albert Abdallah SR (1878-1968), founder of Abdallah Candies</p><br>
<p>Cedric Adams (1902-1961), Journalist and radio personality of Minnesota</p><br>
<p>Buzz Arlett (1899-1964), American baseball player, sometimes known as the "Babe Ruth of the minor leagues."</p><br>
<p>Curt Carlson (1914-1999), founder of Radisson Hotels</p><br>
<p>H. David Dalquist (1918-2005), inventor of the Bundt pan, and founder of Nordic Ware</p><br>
<p>Ron Daws (1937-1992), one of three USA 1968 Mexico Olympic Marathon racers;</p><br>
<p>George Dayton (1857-1938), founder of Dayton Dry Goods, which became Target Corporation</p><br>
<p>William Hood Dunwoody (1841-1914), businessman, and Kate L. Dunwoody, founders of Dunwoody College of Technology</p><br>
<p>Steve Foley (1959-2008), drummer for The Replacements</p><br>
<p>William Watts Folwell (1833-1929), first president of the University of Minnesota</p><br>
<p>Orville Freeman (1918-2003), 29th Governor of Minnesota, Former US Secretary of Agriculture</p><br>
<p>Abram M. Fridley (1817-1892), politician and capitalist, after whom Fridley, Minnesota was named</p><br>
<p>Lewis A. Grant (1828-1918), American Civil War general and Assistant USA Secretary of War</p><br>
<p>Barton S. Hays (1826-1914), artist</p><br>
<p>Hubert H. Humphrey (1911-1978), Vice President of the United States, USA Senator</p><br>
<p>Muriel Humphrey (1912-1998), Second Lady of the United States, USA Senator</p><br>
<p>Isaac Wilson Joyce (1836-1905), Methodist bishop</p><br>
<p>William S. King (1828-1900), Republican USA Representative for Minnesota and journalist</p><br>
<p>Robert Koehler (1850-1917), German-born painter and art teacher</p><br>
<p>Charles August Lindbergh (1859-1924), Republican congressman, father of the pioneering aviator</p><br>
<p>Charles M. Loring (1833-1922), Business man, co-founder of Lakewood Cemetery</p><br>
<p>John Hugh MacMillan (1928-2008), businessman</p><br>
<p>Forrest Mars, Sr. (1904-1999), creator of M&M&#39;s candy</p><br>
<p>Frank Clarence Mars (1882-1934), creator of the Milky Way candy bar</p><br>
<p>Maggie Menzel (1853?-1872), First person buried at Lakewood Cemetery</p><br>
<p>Maren Michelet (1869-1932), first teacher of Norwegian in any public high school in the United States and promoter of Scandinavian culture.</p><br>
<p>George Mikan (1924-2005), professional basketball player</p><br>
<p>Karl Mueller (1963-2005), Soul Asylum bassist</p><br>
<p>Della Whitney Norton (1840-1937), poet, author and Christian Scientist</p><br>
<p>Emil Oberhoffer (1867-1933), founder of the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra</p><br>
<p>William Olander (1950-1989), senior curator at New Museum of Contemporary Art, New York City.</p><br>
<p>Floyd B. Olson (1891-1936), 22nd Governor of Minnesota</p><br>
<p>Rudy Perpich (1928-1995), 34th and 36th Governor of Minnesota</p><br>
<p>John S. Pillsbury (1827-1901), 8th Governor of Minnesota, founder of Pillsbury</p><br>
<p>Carl Pohlad (1915-2009), owner of the Minnesota Twins</p><br>
<p>James Sample (1910-1995), conductor of many orchestras including the Oregon Symphony</p><br>
<p>George M. Scott (1922-2006), MN Supreme Court Justice, Hennepin County Attorney, candidate for MN Governor</p><br>
<p>John Pillsbury Snyder (1888-1959), RMS Titanic survivor, and grandson of John S. Pillsbury</p><br>
<p>Nellie Snyder (1889-1983), RMS Titanic survivor and wife of John Pillsbury Snyder</p><br>
<p>Tiny Tim (1932-1996), singer, musician, and TV personality</p><br>
<p>William J. Tuttle (1912-2007), Hollywood make-up artist</p><br>
<p>Harriet G. Walker (1841-1917), president of Northwestern Hospital, now part of Allina Hospitals & Clinics</p><br>
<p>T. B. Walker (1840-1928), lumberman and art collector, founder of Walker Art Center</p><br>
<p>Paul Wellstone (1944-2002), US senator for Minnesota</p><br>
<p>Juanita Wright (1934-1996), professional wrestler</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery of notables</h2><br>
<h2>Other images</h2><br>
<p>Namtso or Lake Nam  is a mountain lake on the border between Damxung County of Lhasa prefecture-level city and Baingoin County of Nagqu Prefecture in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China, approximately 112 km NNW of Lhasa.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and climate</h2><br>
<p>Namtso was born in the Paleogene age, as a result of Himalayan tectonic plate movements. The lake lies at an elevation of 4,718 m, and has a surface area of 1,920 km&sup2;. This salt lake is the largest lake in the Tibet Autonomous Region. However, it is not the largest lake on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. That title belongs to Qinghai Lake (more than twice the size of Namtso); which lies more than 1,000 km to the north-east in Qinghai.</p><br>
<p>Namtso has five uninhabited islands of reasonable size, in addition to one or two rocky outcrops. The islands have been used for spiritual retreat by pilgrims who walk over the lake&#39;s frozen surface at the end of winter, carrying their food with them. They spend the summer there, unable to return to shore again until the water freezes the following winter. This practice is no longer permitted by Chinese authorities.</p><br>
<p>The largest of the islands is in the northwest corner of the lake, and is about 2,100 m long and 800 m wide, rising to just over 100 m in the middle. At its closest point it is about 3.1 km from the shore.</p><br>
<p>The most remote island is, at its closest, 5.1 km from the shore. At summer time birds like Ruddy shelduck and cormorants (Phalacrocorax sp.) migrate to the lake area, besides the fields of Astragalus, Roegneria nutans and Marram grass.</p><br>
<p>The weather at Namtso is subject to abrupt, sudden change and snowstorms are very common across the Nyainqêntanglha range.</p><br>
<h2>Other Features</h2><br>
<p>Namtso is renowned as one of the most beautiful places in the Nyainqêntanglha mountain range. Its cave hermitages have for centuries been the destination of Tibetan pilgrims. A surfaced road across Laken Pass at 5186 m was completed to the lake in 2005, enabling easy access from Lhasa and the development of tourism at the lake. Settlements in the area include Dobjoi, Donggar and Cha&#39;gyungoinba. The Tashi Dor monastery is located at the southeastern corner of the lake.</p><br>
<p>Around the area&#39;s natural elements, historical and anthropological background, a 2010 romantic drama 香格里拉 Shangri-La, starring China&#39;s popular actor Hu Ge, was broadcast at CCTV1 and received positive reviews. Some scenes in the 2002 Hong Kong film The Touch were filmed at the lake. Namtso Lake was featured in the BBC TV series: Himalaya with Michael Palin.</p><br>
<p>Phou Bia  is the highest mountain in Laos and is located in the Annamese Cordillera, at the southern limit of the Xiangkhoang Plateau in Xiangkhouang Province. Owing to its altitude, the climate is cold and the area around the mountain is mostly cloudy.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Although no snow has been reported for decades, it is documented that as late as the first years of the 20th century, snow fell occasionally on its top.</p><br>
<p>On 10 April 1970, an Air America C-130A aircraft crashed into the mountain.</p><br>
<p>The area is remote, covered with jungle, and has been used by Hmong guerilla soldiers. In the 1970s, ca 60,000 Hmong supporting FAC operations took refuge at the Phou Bia massif. There have been reports of smaller Hmong hideouts in the area as recently as 2006.</p><br>
<p>Phou Bia rises in a restricted military area near the abandoned Long Chen air base, and for this reason sees extremely few outside visitors. Unexploded ordnance further complicates access. As of July 2008, there had been no known ascent by a non-Lao person for at least 30 years.</p><br>
<p>The South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club was a Pennsylvania corporation which operated an exclusive and secretive retreat at a mountain lake near South Fork, Pennsylvania, for more than fifty extremely wealthy men and their families. The club was the owner of the South Fork Dam, which failed during an unprecedented period of heavy rains, resulting in the disastrous Johnstown Flood on May 31, 1889.</p><br>
<p>The failure released an estimated 20 million tons of water from Lake Conemaugh, wreaking devastation along the valley of South Fork Creek and the Little Conemaugh River as it flowed about a dozen miles downstream to Johnstown, Pennsylvania, where the confluence of the Little Conemaugh and Stonycreek rivers form the Conemaugh River, a tributary of the Allegheny River.</p><br>
<p>It was the worst disaster event in USA history at the time, and relief efforts were among the first major actions of Clara Barton and the newly organized American Red Cross which she led. The death toll from the 1889 flood was approximately 2,209, about one-third of whom were never identified.</p><br>
<p>Despite some years of claims and litigation, the club and its members were never found to be liable for monetary damages. The corporation was disbanded in 1904, and the real estate assets were sold by the local sheriff at public auction, largely to satisfy a pre-existing mortgage on the large clubhouse.</p><br>
<h2>Dam and club history</h2><br>
<p>The South Fork Dam was originally built between 1838-1853 by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as part of the Pennsylvania Main Line canal system to be used as a reservoir for the canal basin in Johnstown. It was abandoned by the commonwealth, sold to the Pennsylvania Railroad, and then sold again to private interests.</p><br>
<p>In 1879, at the suggestion of entrepreneur Benjamin Franklin Ruff, the newly organized club purchased an old dam and abandoned reservoir from Ruff which he had purchased from Congressman John Reilly. Ruff envisioned a summer retreat in the hills above Johnstown. He promoted this idea to Henry Clay Frick, a friend of his, who was one of the wealthy elite group of powerful men who controlled Pittsburgh&#39;s steel, rail and other industries,</p><br>
<p>Lake Conemaugh, which was about two miles (3 km) long, approximately one mile (1.6 km) wide, and 60 feet (18 m) deep near the dam, was named by the new club. The lake had a perimeter of 7 miles (11 km) and could hold 20 million tons of water. When the water was "up" in the spring, the lake covered over 400 acres (1.6 km²). The South Fork Dam was 72 feet (22 m) high and 931 feet (284 m) long. It failed for the first time in 1862, and although well-designed and built when new, a history of negligent maintenance and alterations were later believed to have contributed to its failure on May 31, 1889. Between 1881 when the club was opened and 1889, this dam frequently sprang leaks and was patched, mostly with mud and straw.</p><br>
<h2>Major flaws regarding the dam</h2><br>
<p>Prior to closing on Ruff&#39;s purchase, Congressman Reilly had crucial discharge pipes removed and sold for their value as scrap steel, so there was no practical way to lower the level of water behind the dam should repairs be indicated. Ruff, while he was not a civil engineer, had a background that included being a railroad tunnel contractor and supervised the repairs to the dam, which did not include a successful resolution of the inability to discharge the water and substantially lower the lake for repair purposes.</p><br>
<p>The 3 cast iron discharge pipes had previously allowed a controlled release of water. When the initial renovation was completed under Ruff&#39;s oversight, it was now impossible to drain the lake to repair the dam properly. Moreover, in order to provide a carriageway across the dam, the top was leveled off, lowering it, leaving it only a few feet above the water level at its lowest point. To compound the problem, the owners and managers had erected fish screens across the mouth of the spillway, and these became clogged with debris, restricting the outflow of water.</p><br>
<p>Over the years, despite dire predictions of some, the dam had not failed completely since 1862. Notwithstanding leaks and other warning signs, the flawed dam held the waters of Lake Conemaugh back more or less successfully until disaster struck in May 1889.</p><br>
<p>The many years of false alarms may have contributed to the failure of anyone in Johnstown to take any serious action despite repeated warnings of imminent failure telegraphed by club personnel on May 31, 1889, following days of an unprecedented rainfall in the entire region. The president at the time of the flood was Colonel Elias Unger. The founding entrepreneur, Benjamin F. Ruff, had died several years earlier, and Unger had been on the job only a short time.</p><br>
<h2>Club members</h2><br>
<p>The charter members of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club, assembled by Henry Clay Frick were Benjamin Ruff, T.H. Sweat, Charles J. Clarke, Thomas Clark, Walter F. Fundenberg, Howard Hartley, Henry C. Yeager, J.B. White, E.A. Myers, C.C. Hussey, D.R. Ewer, C.A. Carpenter, W.L. Dunn, W.L. McClintock, and A.V. Holmes.</p><br>
<p>Alphabetically, a complete listing of club membership included:</p><br>
<p>Edward Jay Allen - helped to organize the Pacific and Atlantic Telegraph Company</p><br>
<p>D.W.C Bidwell - owner of a mining industry explosives supply company</p><br>
<p>James W. Brown - member of the 58th United States Congress, president of the Colonial Steel Company, and secretary and treasurer for Hussey, Howe and Company, Steel Works, Ltd.</p><br>
<p>Hilary B. Brunot - attorney in Pittsburgh</p><br>
<p>John Caldwell, Jr. - treasurer of the Philadelphia Company</p><br>
<p>Andrew Carnegie - Scottish-American industrialist, businessman, entrepreneur and a major philanthropist</p><br>
<p>C.A. Carpenter - freight agent for the Pennsylvania Railroad</p><br>
<p>John Weakley Chalfant - president of People&#39;s National bank, associated with steel tubing manufacturer Spang, Chalfant and Company</p><br>
<p>George H. Christy - attorney in Pittsburgh</p><br>
<p>Thomas Clark</p><br>
<p>Charles John Clarke - founder of Pittsburgh-based transportation company Clarke and Company, father of Louis Clarke</p><br>
<p>Louis Semple Clarke - co founder of the Autocar Company and developer of the first porcelain-insulated spark plugs</p><br>
<p>A.C. Crawford</p><br>
<p>William T. Dunn - owner of the building supply company William T. Dunn and Company</p><br>
<p>Cyrus Elder - attorney and chief counsel for the Cambria Iron Company</p><br>
<p>Daniel R. Euwer - lumber dealer for Euwer and Brothers</p><br>
<p>John King Ewing - involved with real estate through Ewing and Byers</p><br>
<p>Aaron S. French - founder of A. French Spring Company, manufacturer of steel springs for railroad cars</p><br>
<p>Henry Clay Frick - successful American industrialist and art patron</p><br>
<p>Walter Franklin Fundenburg - dentist</p><br>
<p>A. G. Harmes - manufacturer of machinery through his Harmes Machinery Depot</p><br>
<p>John A. Harper - assistant cashier of the Bank of Pittsburgh, president of Western Pennsylvania Hospital</p><br>
<p>Howard Hartley - manufacturer of leather products and rubber belts through Hartley Brothers</p><br>
<p>Henry Holdship - co founder of the Art Society of Pittsburgh and the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra</p><br>
<p>Americus Vespecius Holmes - vice-president of Dollar Bank</p><br>
<p>Durbin Horne - president of retail company Joseph Horne and Company</p><br>
<p>George Franklin Huff - member of the Pennsylvania State Senate from 1884 to 1888, member of the 52nd United States Congress, the 54th United States Congress, and the 58th United States Congress and the three succeeding Congresses</p><br>
<p>Christopher Curtis Hussey - Hussey, Howe and Company, steel manufacturers</p><br>
<p>Lewis Irwin</p><br>
<p>Philander Chase Knox - American lawyer and politician who served as Attorney General and USA Senator from Pennsylvania and was Secretary of State from 1909–1913</p><br>
<p>Frank B. Laughlin - secretary of the Solar Carbon and Manufacturing Company</p><br>
<p>John Jacob Lawrence - paint and color manufacturer, partner of Moses Suydam</p><br>
<p>John George Alexander Leishman - worked in various executive positions at Carnegie Steel Company, served as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Turkey from 1899–1901</p><br>
<p>Jesse H. Lippincott - associated with the Banner Baking Powder firm</p><br>
<p>Sylvester Stephen Marvin - established himself in the cracker business, founding S. S. Marvin Co., centerpiece to the organization of the National Biscuit Company)</p><br>
<p>Frank T., Oliver, and Walter L. McClintock - associated with O. McClintock and Company, a mercantile house</p><br>
<p>James S. McCord - owner of the wholesale hatters McCord and Company</p><br>
<p>James McGregor</p><br>
<p>W. A. McIntosh (president of the New York and Cleveland Gas Coal Company and father of Burr McIntosh and Nancy McIntosh)</p><br>
<p>H. Sellers McKee - president of the First National Bank of Birmingham, founder of Jeannette, Pennsylvania</p><br>
<p>Andrew W. Mellon - American banker, industrialist, philanthropist, art collector and Secretary of the Treasury from March 4, 1921 until February 12, 1932</p><br>
<p>Reuben Miller - Miller, Metcalf and Perkin, Crescent Steel Works</p><br>
<p>Maxwell K. Moorhead - son of James K. Moorhead</p><br>
<p>Daniel Johnson Morrell - general manager of the Cambria Iron Company, member of the 40th United States Congress and 41st United States Congresses</p><br>
<p>William Mullens</p><br>
<p>Edwin A. Meyers - Myers, Shinkle and Company</p><br>
<p>H. P. Patton - associated with the window glass manufacturer A. and D. H. Chambers</p><br>
<p>Duncan Clinch Phillips - window glass millionaire, father of Duncan Phillips</p><br>
<p>Henry Phipps, Jr. - chairman of Carnegie Brothers and Company, American entrepreneur and major philanthropist</p><br>
<p>Robert Pitcairn - Scottish-American railroad executive who headed the Pittsburgh Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad in the late 19th century</p><br>
<p>D. W. Ranking - physician</p><br>
<p>Samuel Rea - an American engineer and the 9th president of the Pennsylvania Railroad from 1913–25</p><br>
<p>James Hay Reed - partner with Philander Knox in the law firm Knox and Reed, a federal judge nominated by President Benjamin Harrison</p><br>
<p>Benjamin F. Ruff - first president of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club, tunnel contractor, coke salesman, real estate broker</p><br>
<p>Marvin F. Scaife - producer of iron products through W. B. Scaife and Sons</p><br>
<p>James M. Schoonmaker - J. M. Schoonmaker Coke Company</p><br>
<p>James Ernest Schwartz - president of Pennsylvania Lead Company</p><br>
<p>Frank Semple</p><br>
<p>Christian Bernard Shea - member of Joseph Horne and Company</p><br>
<p>Moses Bedell Suydam - M. B. Suydam and Company</p><br>
<p>F. H. Sweet</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Thaw - co founder of Heda Coke Company, brother of Harry Kendall Thaw</p><br>
<p>Colonel Elias J. Unger - managed hotels along the Pennsylvania Railroad, second and last president of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club, did not have a military record</p><br>
<p>Calvin Wells - president of Pittsburgh Forge and Iron Company. Nephew of Samuel Taggart who served as a US Representative from Massachusetts from 1754 to 1825.</p><br>
<p>James B. White - manufacturer of manganese ore through James B. White and Company</p><br>
<p>John F. Wilcox - civil engineer</p><br>
<p>James H. Willock - cashier of the Second National Bank</p><br>
<p>Joseph R. Woodwell - served on the board of directors for Deposit Bank of Pittsburgh and the Carnegie Institution for Science</p><br>
<p>William K. Woodwell - associated with Joseph R. Woodwell and company</p><br>
<p>H. C. Yeager - dry goods and trimming wholesaler through C. Yeager and Company</p><br>
<h2>The flood</h2><br>
<p>After several days of unprecedented rainfall in the Alleghenies, the dam gave way on May 31, 1889. A torrent of water raced downstream, destroying several towns. When it reached Johnstown, 2,209 people were killed, and there was $17 million in damage. The disaster became widely known as the Johnstown Flood, and locally known as the "Great Flood".</p><br>
<p>Rumors of the dam&#39;s potential for harm, and its likelihood of bursting had been circulating for years, and perhaps this contributed to why they were not taken seriously on that fateful day. For whatever reason, at least three warnings sent from South Fork to Johnstown by telegram the day of the disaster went virtually unheeded downstream.</p><br>
<p>When word of the dam&#39;s failure was telegraphed from South Fork by Joseph P. Wilson to Robert Pitcairn in Pittsburgh, Frick and other members of the Club gathered to form the Pittsburgh Relief Committee for tangible assistance to the flood victims as well as determining to never speak publicly about the Club or the Flood. This strategy was a success, and Knox and Reed were able to fend off all lawsuits that would have placed blame upon the Club’s members.</p><br>
<p>In the years following this tragic event, many people blamed the members of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club for the tragedy, as they had originally bought and repaired the dam to turn the area into a holiday retreat in the mountains. However, they failed to properly maintain the dam, and as a result, heavy rainfall on the eve of the disaster meant that the structure was not strong enough to hold the excess water. Despite the evidence to suggest that they were very much to blame, they were never held legally responsible for the disaster. In keeping with the times, the courts viewed the dam&#39;s failure as an Act of God, and no legal compensation was paid to the survivors of the flood.</p><br>
<p>Individual members of the club did contribute substantially to the relief efforts. Along with about half of the club members, Henry Clay Frick donated thousands of dollars to the relief effort in Johnstown. After the flood, Andrew Carnegie, one of the club&#39;s better-known members, built the town a new library. In modern times, this former library is owned by the Johnstown Area Heritage Association, and houses the Flood Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Aftermath</h2><br>
<p>On February 5, 1904 the Cambria Freeman reported, under the headline "Will Pass Out of History":</p><br>
<h2>South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club Historic District</h2><br>
<p>The South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club Historic District is a national historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>Lake Tazawa is a caldera lake in the city of Semboku, Akita Prefecture, northern Japan. It is the deepest lake in Japan at 423 m. The area is a popular vacation area and several hot spring resorts can be found in the hills above the lake. Akita Prefecture&#39;s largest ski area, Tazawa Ski Area, overlooks the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>Lake Tazawa has a surface elevation of 249 meters, and its deepest point is 174.4 meters below sea level. Due to this depth, there is no possibility that the lake is frozen in the dead of winter. At 425 m, it is slightly deeper than Lake Shikotsu in Hokkaidō (423.4 meters), and is the 17th deepest lake in the world. Lake Tazawa has no natural inflow or outflow, and in 1931, had a measured transparency of 31 meters, comparable with Lake Mashu, but with abundant aquatic organisms. However, due to the construction of hydroelectric power plant facilities and agricultural runoff, coupled with an influx of highly acid water from Tamagawa Hot Spring, transparency has been reduced to less than 4 meters, and by the late 1940s the lake had become so acidic (pH 4.3) that it could no longer support irrigated agriculture. Starting in 1972, the Japanese government has been attempting to rectify the acidity problem through introduction of lime, with a new facility completed in 1991. However, in the year 2000, the lake still had an acidity of 5.14 at the 200 meter depth, and 4.91 at the 400 meter depth, indicating that full recovery has not yet been achieved.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Due to its extreme depth, and almost circular profile, Lake Tazawa was considered to be either a caldera lake caused by volcanic activity or a crater lake caused by a meteorite impact. The depth of the lake was first measured as 397 meters, using a hemp rope, by Japanese geologist Tanaka Akamaro in 1909. The Akita Prefectural Fisheries Experiment Station survey indicated a depth of 413 meters in 1926 using a wire rope. During a three-year survey from 1937-1940, geologist Yoshimura Nobuyoshi surveyed the lake bottom, finding the deepest point to be 425 m. The survey also found two small volcanic cones and sedimentation deposits to the depth of around one kilometer on the north-west side of the lake bottom. These findings lend credence to the theory that the lake is indeed of volcanic origin, from an explosive eruption of 1.4 million years ago.</p><br>
<h2>Natural history</h2><br>
<p>Prior to 1940, the main species of fish in Lake Tazawa included the indigenous kunimasu (Oncorhynchus nerka kawamurae), Sockeye salmon, Japanese dace (genus Tribolodon), Japanese trout, char, carp, catfish and eel. However, after the acidic content of the lake changed in 1940, the only surviving fish is the dace, while most of the other species, including the kunimasu, are thought to have gone extinct.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lake Tazawa was named in the Meiji period when its surrounding foothills were settled. However, the lake was known to the Ainu people, and the name “Tazawa” is thought to be derived from the Ainu language Tapukopu ("hill with a raised circular top")</p><br>
<p>The lake is also connected with the legendary maiden of beauty, Tatsuko, itself of unknown origin. Tazawa has a bronze statue of Tatsuko near its shore. Tatsuko, wishing for undying youth and beauty, is said to have been turned into a lake-goddess. The statue of Tatsuko by Yasutake Funakoshi stands with her back to the clear blue waters, a figure of pureness and beauty, and was unveiled on April 12, 1968.</p><br>
<p>Woodlawn Cemetery is the name of a cemetery in Elmira, New York, United States. The most famous person buried in it is Mark Twain. Many members of the United States Congress, including Jacob Sloat Fassett are also interred there.</p><br>
<p>Within Woodlawn Cemetery is the distinct Woodlawn National Cemetery, begun with the interment of Confederate prisoners from the nearby Elmira Prison (dubbed "Hellmira" by its inmates) during the American Civil War. It is run by the United States Veterans Administration.</p><br>
<p>Both cemeteries are still active and together were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>Frank LaMar Christian (1876-1955), prison warden</p><br>
<p>Samuel Langhorne Clemens (Mark Twain) author</p><br>
<p>Ernie Davis Heisman Trophy winner from Syracuse University</p><br>
<p>Hal Roach comedy film & television producer</p><br>
<p>John W. Jones ex-slave and sexton of Woodlawn National Cemetery</p><br>
<p>Jacob Sloat Fassett Congressman</p><br>
<p>Lucius Robinson, Governor of New York</p><br>
<p>John Arnot, Jr. Congressman, Mayor, Civil War Veteran, Businessman</p><br>
<p>Hardraw Force  is a waterfall on the Hardraw Beck in Hardraw Scar, a wooded ravine just outside the hamlet of Hardraw, 1.5 km north of the town of Hawes, Wensleydale in the Yorkshire Dales. The Pennine Way long distance footpath passes close by.</p><br>
<p>Comprising a single drop of 100 ft from a rocky overhang, Hardraw Force is claimed to be England&#39;s highest unbroken waterfall &ndash; at least discounting underground falls. (The underground waterfall inside nearby Gaping Gill on the western flank of Ingleborough has an unbroken fall of over 300 ft.)</p><br>
<p>Geologically, the bed of the river and plunge pool is shale; on top of that is sandstone and the top layer is carboniferous limestone.</p><br>
<p>Public viewing of Hardraw Force is rather unusual, as the visitor has to go through the bar of the Green Dragon Inn public house in Hardraw to reach the falls; an entrance fee is payable on the way through the pub. It is currently £2.50 per adult, £1.50 per child. Access behind the falls is now prohibited.</p><br>
<h2>Hardraw Scar</h2><br>
<p>Hardraw Scar (54.316&deg; latitude, -2.205&deg; longitude) is a limestone gorge located behind the Green Dragon inn at Hardraw near Hawes in the Yorkshire Dales. It is a natural amphitheatre and in September is the site of an annual brass band entertainment contest. The contest attracts bands from all over the North of England and is a popular event amongst players and audiences alike.</p><br>
<p>The gorge is situated alongside the Pennine Way and also has an impressive waterfall, Hardraw Force, at the far end. Access to the gorge is via the nearby public house.</p><br>
<p>In 1899, a great flood came racing over the waterfall and into Hardraw itself, ruining buildings and uprooting coffins from the graveyard. The lip of the waterfall was demolished by the force of the water and the landowner at the time (Lord Wharncliffe) got his estate manager to repair the lip and it is now held together at the top by metal stakes.</p><br>
<h2>Hardraw Force and popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Both J. M. W. Turner and William Wordsworth have visited the waterfall and both men stayed at the Green Dragon Inn.</p><br>
<p>The falls were used as a location in the film Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves, in the scene where Maid Marian catches Robin Hood bathing under a waterfall.</p><br>
<p>Hardraw Force is the setting for a brass band competition held annually on the second Sunday in September. The competition was first held in the falls&#39; natural amphitheatre in 1884 when six bands took part; the competition lapsed in 1927 but was revived in 1976 and has gone from strength to strength since. In recent years two other musical events have started up at the falls: the Hawdraw Bash is a Folk Rock concert in early July and the Hardraw Gathering is a three-day festival of traditional music at the end of July.</p><br>
<p>Barren Island is an island located in the Andaman Sea, dominated by Barren Volcano, the only confirmed active volcano in South Asia, and the only active volcano along a chain of volcanoes from Sumatra to Myanmar. Along with the rest of the Andaman Islands, it is a part of the Indian Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and lies about 138 km northeast of the territory&#39;s capital, Port Blair.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first recorded eruption of the volcano dates back to 1787. Since then, the volcano has erupted more than ten times, with the most recent one being in 2017. After the first recorded eruption in 1787, further eruptions were recorded in 1789, 1795, 1803&ndash;04, and 1852. After nearly one and half century of dormancy, the island had another eruption in 1991 that lasted six months and caused considerable damage.</p><br>
<p>The 1991 eruption was particularly harmful to the island&#39;s fauna. A team from the Geological Survey of India visited Barren Island on 8–9 April 1993 to assess the impact of the eruption on the distribution, habit, and abundance of animal species. The report found that the eruption had reduced the number of bird species and their population. The team only observed 6 of the 16 known species of birds on the island. The Pied Imperial Pigeon (Ducula bicolor) was the most abundant among the 6 species observed. In a survey conducted at night, the team spotted one rat species (Rattus rattus) and 51 species of insects from eight orders. The report also noted that the volcano was still emitting gas at the time. There were eruptions in 1994&ndash;95 and 2005&ndash;07, the latter considered to be linked to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. A Lighthouse that was established on 1993 was destroyed by the recent eruptions.</p><br>
<p>A team from the National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) spotted the volcano erupting on 23 January 2017. Abhay Mudholkar, the head of the team, said, "The volcano is erupting in small episodes of about five to ten minutes. During the day, only ash clouds were observed. However, after sundown, red lava fountains were spewing from the crater into the atmosphere and hot lava flowed streaming down its slopes."</p><br>
<p>Based on Ar-Ar dating of samples from Barren Island it is now established that the oldest subaerial lava flows of the volcano is 1.6 million year old and the volcano is located on an oceanic crust which is ~106 million year old. All recorded eruptions lie on the low end of the Volcanic Explosivity Index. The 2017 eruption was recorded as a 2 on the index.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>This volcanic island stands in the midst of a volcanic belt on the edge of the Indian and Burmese tectonic plates. Narcondam Island is a dormant volcano in the area, apart from volcanic seamounts like Alcock and Sewell.</p><br>
<p>All the historical and recent eruptions (1789 and after) are confined within and around an active polygenetic cinder cone in a 2 km wide caldera that was formed by the Pleistocene collapse of a primitive cone of a stratovolcano. The remnant of the primitive volcanic cone forms a precipitous cliff around the island (commonly referred as caldera wall), with a break towards the west. The highest elevation on the island is 354 m, with most of the primitive volcano underwater (standing on the seafloor 2,250 m below sea level). The island is 3 km in diameter, with a total surface area of 8.34 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<h2>Biodiversity</h2><br>
<p>True to its name, it has a barren landscape uninhabited by humans, though it has a small population of goats. Also birds, bats like flying foxes and a few rodent species such as rats are known to survive the harsh conditions.</p><br>
<p>The island is devoid of any significant vegetation.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<h3>Scuba diving</h3><br>
<p>The waters surrounding Barren Island are reputed to be among the world&#39;s top scuba diving destinations. Major attractions here are the crystal clear visibility, Manta Rays, interesting basalt formations, topography of past lava flows and fast growing coral gardens. This dive destination is remote but can be accessed by either a live aboard ship or with scuba-operators based at Havelock Island.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>It belongs to the North and Middle Andaman administrative district, part of the Indian union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>The island is uninhabited as of 2017.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>Nokalakevi  also known as Archaeopolis  and Tsikhegoji , is a village and archaeological site in the Senaki municipality, Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti region, Georgia.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Located by the river Tekhuri, on the northern edge of the Colchian plain in Samegrelo, western Georgia, lie the ruins of Nokalakevi. Occupying approximately 20ha, the site was known to early Byzantine historians as Archaeopolis, and to the neighbouring Georgian (Kartlian) chroniclers as Tsikhegoji, or the fortress of Kuji — a Colchian ruler or eristavi. The fortress is located 15 km from the modern town of Senaki on the Martvili road, and would have commanded an important crossing point of the river Tekhuri, at the junction with a strategic route that still winds through the neighbouring hills to Chkhorotsqu in central Samegrelo. Nokalakevi-Archaeopolis played a part in the major wars fought between the Byzantines and Sasanians in the South Caucasus during the sixth century AD. It was one of the key fortresses guarding Lazika (modern Mingrelia) from Sasanian, Persian and Iberian (East Georgian/Kartlian) attack. During the war of AD 540-562, the Persians&#39; failure to take Nokalakevi-Archaeopolis from the Byzantines and the Laz eventually cost them control of Lazika.</p><br>
<p>The early Byzantine defensive fortifications of Nokalakevi-Archaeopolis take advantage of the sites position within a loop of the river Tekhuri, which has carved a gorge through the local limestone to the west of the fortress. The steep and rugged terrain to the north of the site made the citadel established there almost unassailable. A wall connected this upper town to the lower town&#39; below, where excavations have revealed stone buildings of the fourth to sixth century AD. Beneath these late Roman period layers there is evidence of several earlier phases of occupation and abandonment, from the eighth to second centuries BC</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological work at the site</h2><br>
<p>Modern study of the site began in the decades before the formal Russian annexation of Samegrelo, with a visit by the Swiss philologist Frédéric Dubois de Montpéreux in 1833-4. He identified the ruins as the Archaeopolis of Byzantine historians and argued that the site was Aia, the ancient Colchian capital of the Greek Argonaut myth. This stimulated scholarly interest, which culminated in the 1920s with proposals for an archaeological excavation. In the winter of 1930-31, a joint German-Georgian team, led by Dr Alfonse-Maria Schneider of Freiburg University, traced the line of the walls and excavated about 40 survey trenches and one of the towers, as well as what they erroneously believed to be the agora in the lower town. Their findings — including a hoard of gold solidi of the Emperor Maurice (AD 584-602) — confirmed Dubois de Montpéreux&#39;s identification of the site with Archaeopolis, without settling the question of Aia. Most scholars continued (and continue) to prefer the traditional identification of Aia with Kutaisi.</p><br>
<p>The political upheavals of the 1930s and the onset of war interrupted further archaeological excavation. Nevertheless interest in Georgias history continued to grow, prompting various scholarly visits and articles about Nokalakevi from the 1930s to the 1960s (see for a discussion of previous work at Nokalakevi). Finally in 1973 a major state-sponsored expedition was set up, headed by Parmen Zakaraia. This expedition undertook major excavations and conservation work at Nokalakevi until the early 1990s when the collapse of the Soviet Union and the civil disturbances of Georgias early years of independence brought a halt to funding and serious damage to the expedition&#39;s infrastructure</p><br>
<p>Large-scale excavations were resumed in 2001 with a collaborative project, headed by Professor David Lomitashvili, of the S. Janashia State History Museum (now the Georgian National Museum) and the newly formed Anglo-Georgian Expedition to Nokalakevi (AGEN) co-directed by Ian Colvin, Dr Paul Everill and Benjamin Neil. The Anglo-Georgian Expedition celebrated its tenth anniversary in 2010 and collaborative work continues at Nokalakevi.</p><br>
<p>Mount Ida, known variously as Idha, Ídhi, Idi, Ita and now Psiloritis , at a height of 2,456 m , is the highest mountain on Crete. Located in the Rethymno regional unit, it was sacred to the Greek Titaness Rhea, and on its slopes lies one of the caves, Idaion Andron, in which, according to legend, Zeus was born. Its summit  has the highest topographic prominence in Greece. A natural park which includes Mt. Ida is a member of UNESCO&#39;s Global Geoparks Network.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The Skinakas observatory of the University of Crete is located on the secondary peak Skinakas at 1750 m. It has two telescopes including a 1.3 m Modified Ritchey-Chrétien instrument.</p><br>
<p>Mount Ida is the locus for a race of legendary ancient metal workers (Dactyls), whose roots are also associated with Cyprus.</p><br>
<p>The Nida plateau is found to the east of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>On the summit of Ida is the little chapel of the Holy Cross, Timios Stavros.</p><br>
<p>On the plateau are some shepherd&#39;s huts (mitata) built only of local stones, and used both for shelter and for cheesemaking.</p><br>
<h2>Idaean Cave</h2><br>
<p>In ancient times the Idaean cave, "cave of the Goddess" (Dea) was venerated by Minoans and Hellenes alike. By Greek times the cave was rededicated to Zeus. The cave where Zeus was nurtured is variously stated to be this cave, or another of the same name, or the Dictaean cave.</p><br>
<p>Votive seals and ivories have been found in the cave. Like the Dictaean cave, the Idaean cave was known as a place of initiations. It may have served as the site of an oracle, symbolized by the frequent depiction of a tripod on coins of nearby Axos, which presumably controlled the territory around the cave.</p><br>
<h2>Mythological origin of the Jews in classical antiquity</h2><br>
<p>In his Histories, the Ancient Roman historian Tacitus reported a belief, popular in antiquity, regarding Mount Ida and the origin of the Jews, complete with conjectural etymology:</p><br>
<p>Inga Falls is a rapids 40 km from Matadi in the Democratic Republic of the Congo where the Congo River drops 96 m  over the course of 15 km .</p><br>
<p>Inga Falls form a part of a larger group of rapids - Livingstone Falls and are located closer to the lower part of these falls. Falls have formed in a sharp bend of Congo River where the width of river fluctuates from more than 4 km to mere 260 m. At median discharge of 42,476 m³/s (1,500,000 ft³/s) it is arguably the largest waterfall in the world, although Inga Falls is not a true waterfall. Its maximum recorded volume is 70,793 m³/s (2,500,000 ft³/s). Inga falls is also the site of two large hydroelectric dams, named Inga I and Inga II, as well as two projected dams Inga III, one, Grand Inga Dam, which would be the largest (by power production) in the world.</p><br>
<p>Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem in Nottingham is one of several pubs in England which claim to be the oldest. The pub building rests against Castle Rock upon which Nottingham Castle is built. The pub claims that it was established in 1189 AD. However, there is no documentation to verify this date; the earliest parts of the current building date from around 1650. The pub is attached to several caves carved out of the soft sandstone of Castle Rock, which were originally used as a brewhouse for the castle, and which appear to date from around the time of the construction of the castle in 1068 AD. The earliest record of a pub is in 1751, when the building was being used as an inn with the name The Pilgrim.</p><br>
<h2>Oldest pub in England</h2><br>
<p>Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem is one of several places which claim to be the oldest Inn in England - other pubs which claim to be the oldest include Ye Olde Salutation Inn and The Bell Inn also in Nottingham, and Ye Olde Fighting Cocks in St Albans. The pub claims that it was established in 1189 AD - the year that Richard the Lionheart became king and Pope Gregory VIII called for a Third Crusade to the Holy Land; however, there is no documentation to verify this date. Evidence suggests that caves in the rock against which the pub is built, were used as a brewhouse for Nottingham Castle, and may date from around the time the castle was built in 1067. The oldest parts of the current building were constructed between 1650 and 1660, though a map by John Speed shows a previous building in existence in 1610. By 1751 the building was being used as an inn with the name The Pilgrim, and was shortly after that date purchased by William Standford. The first record of the use of the name Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem dates from 1799.</p><br>
<h2>Brewhouse</h2><br>
<p>Brew House Yard acquired its name after 1680.</p><br>
<p>Kungsholmen is an island in Lake Mälaren in Sweden, part of central Stockholm. It is situated north of Riddarfjärden and considered part of the historical province Uppland. Its area is 3.9 km&sup2; with a perimeter of 8.9 km. The highest point is at Stadshagsplan at 47 m. The total population is 56,754 .</p><br>
<p>Administratively, it is subdivided into the five districts Kungsholmen, Marieberg, Fredhäll, Kristineberg and Stadshagen.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Establishment</h3><br>
<p>Franciscan monks from the Grey Friars Abbey, Stockholm, began living on the island in the 15th century. Because of this, the island was named Munklägret (the Monks encampment). The monks subsisted on cattle-breeding and fishing. They also managed the brickyard Själakoret at Rålambshov. As a result of the Swedish Reformation, which was concluded at the parliament in Västerås 1527, the monks were expelled and the area became property of the crown.</p><br>
<p>At the end of the 16th century, Johan III (son of Gustav Vasa) established an additional brickyard on the northern bank of the island. In 1635 the first bridge to Munklägret was built.</p><br>
<p>A few years later Queen Kristina donated large areas of land in the western part of the island to some of the generals from the Thirty Years War. They built magnificent entails and laid out great gardens. 1644 the crown donated the eastern part of Munklägret to the authorities of the city of Stockholm, which then received its first city plan. Three years later the remainder of the island was donated.</p><br>
<p>In order to facilitate migration to Munklägret, privileges were given to artisans and manufacturers. For example, they were allowed to set up operations there without having to belong to the guilds and they were exempted from tax for ten years. In 1672 Munklägret became a separate parish (Kungsholmen) and the whole island was renamed Kungsholmen.</p><br>
<h3>Industrialization</h3><br>
<p>When the Swedish Empire collapsed in the beginning of the 18th century the crown embarked on a generous economic policy to develop Kungsholmen. The entails were turned into factories and hospitals. In Hornsberg a cotton mill was established, at Marieberg a porcelain factory.</p><br>
<p>In the early 19th century the military began to settle in Kungsholmen, which at the time was still a sparsely populated idyll.</p><br>
<p>When Samuel Owen settled in Kungsholmen, it had begun developing into a marked district factories and workers. This development was accentuated when the Bolinder brothers start building up their business at Klara Sjö, west of the Kungsbron, (King&#39;s Bridge) in the mid-19th century. The company AB Separator was established at the end of the 19th century. AB Separator would soon become a worldwide group of companies and at the beginning of the 20th century had more than 2,000 employees.</p><br>
<p>The industrial breakthrough led to a huge population explosion. The population grew from just over 4,000 people in 1860 to 26,000 in 1890. During the 1880s several apartment blocks were built to remedy the housing shortage. Claës Lundin wrote about these houses: "With one or two exceptions, they give no honor to the decade." Kungsholmen was commonly referred to as "Svältholmen." ("Famine Island")</p><br>
<h3>Modern Kungsholmen</h3><br>
<p>In the early 20th century a radical structural change took place on Kungsholmen. The traits from the old industrial district are swept away and instead housing and public institutions were erected. St. Görans’ church was built in 1910. At the division of the Kungsholmen parish in 1925, the new parish was named after the church.</p><br>
<p>The residential areas in Fredhäll and in Kristineberg were built in the 1930s after a functionalist city plan. The bridges Västerbron and Tranebergsbron were also built the same decade, and Sankt Eriksbron received its current dimensions. The Stockholm metro was drawn through Kungsholmen in the 1950s, first out to Vällingby and later also to Järvafältet. At this time the military moved out and the large hospital Serafen is supplanted (on another location) by the more modern Saint Göran Hospital.</p><br>
<h2>Prominent buildings and structures</h2><br>
<p>Stockholm City Hall, by architect Ragnar Östberg, and built 1911-1923.</p><br>
<p>Stockholm Court House from 1909-1915.</p><br>
<p>Kristineberg Palace from around 1750.</p><br>
<p>Functionalist buildings along the southern waterfront Norr Mälarstrand.</p><br>
<p>Art Deco buildings flanking the bridge Sankt Eriksbron.</p><br>
<p>Dagens Nyheter Tower, completed in 1964.</p><br>
<p>Västerbron, completed in 1935.</p><br>
<h2>Bridges leading to Kungsholmen</h2><br>
<p>From Norrmalm:</p><br>
<p>Stadshusbron</p><br>
<p>Klarabergsviadukten</p><br>
<p>Kungsbron</p><br>
<p>Blekholmsbron</p><br>
<p>Barnhusbron</p><br>
<p>Sankt Eriksbron</p><br>
<p>From Solna:</p><br>
<p>Ekelundsbron</p><br>
<p>From Bromma:</p><br>
<p>Tranebergsbron</p><br>
<p>From Lilla Essingen:</p><br>
<p>Mariebergsbron</p><br>
<p>Fredhällsbron (part of the Essingeleden motorway.)</p><br>
<p>From Södermalm:</p><br>
<p>Västerbron</p><br>
<p>The Ngong Hills are peaks in a ridge along the Great Rift Valley, located southwest near Nairobi, in southern Kenya. The word "Ngong" is an Anglicization of a Maasai phrase "enkong&#39;u emuny" meaning rhinoceros spring, and this name derives from a spring located near Ngong Town.</p><br>
<p>Mol, Frans (1996) Maasai dictionary: language & culture (Maasai Centre Lemek). Narok: Mill Hill Missionary.</p><br>
<p>The Ngong Hills, from the eastside slopes, overlook the Nairobi National Park and, off to the north, the city of Nairobi. The Ngong Hills, from the westside slopes, overlook the Great Rift Valley dropping over 1000 metres (4,000 feet) below, where Maasai villages have been developed.</p><br>
<p>The peak of the Ngong Hills is at 2460 meters (8070 feet) above sea level.</p><br>
<p>Aeronautical chart for Nairobi area 1:1,000,000 scale</p><br>
<p>During the years of British colonial rule, the area around the Ngong Hills was a major settler farming region, and many traditional colonial houses are still seen in the area.</p><br>
<p>In the 1985 film Out of Africa, the four peaks of the Ngong Hills appear in the background of several scenes near Karen Blixen&#39;s house. Local residents still reported seeing lions in the Hills during the 1990s.</p><br>
<p>The solitary grave of Denys Finch Hatton, marked by an obelisk and garden, is located on the eastern slopes of the Ngong Hills, overlooking the Nairobi National Park.</p><br>
<p>There is a walking trail along the tops of the Ngong Hills. Kenya Forestry Service has a small post at the NE foot of the park. There is a KSH 600 fee for visitors. Local residents have sometimes held Sunday church services on the southern peak, overlooking the Great Rift Valley.</p><br>
<p>Near the hills is the town of Ngong.</p><br>
<p>A wind farm has being built on the hills the (ngong hills wind power station).</p><br>
<p>McConnell, Tristan, "Kenya Reaps the Wind" August 5, 2009, World Environment News, Planet Ark</p><br>
<p>There is an active wind farm now on the northern hills.</p><br>
<p>Many hikers have reported being robbed or mugged on the southern hills over the last few years. Kenya Forestry Service offers guides/security to accompany you on your hike for an extra fee (KSH 1500).</p><br>
<p>Bruce MacKenzie, Minister of Agriculture in Kenya, was killed when a time bomb attached to his plane exploded as it flew above Ngong Hills in a flight from Entebbe, Uganda on May 24, 1978, after Ugandan President Idi Amin ordered Ugandan agents to assassinate MacKenzie.</p><br>
<h2>Reference</h2><br>
<p>Pate  Island is located in the Indian Ocean close to the northern coast of Kenya, to which it belongs. It is the largest island in the Lamu Archipelago, which lie between the towns of Lamu and Kiunga in the former Coast Province. The island is almost completely surrounded by mangroves.</p><br>
<p>Like much of the Swahili Coast, Pate&#39;s history was marked by a steady transition from agricultural communities in the early first millennium into a specialized, urban trading society around the 10th century, likely earlier. Islam spread down the coast from African Muslims in the Horn of Africa, helping to develop what would be known as the Swahili culture. Despite myths to the contrary, Pate was neither an Arab nor Persian colony, but an African town frequented by trading Arabs, Persians, Indians, and others. It was the centre of the Pate sultanate from the 13th–19th centuries. The Swahili port of Pate long vied with Lamu and Takwa (on Manda Island) for economic dominance of the area, and came into prominence around the 14th century. It was subjugated by Lamu, however, in the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Public transportation is provided by a few mini buses (known as matatus). The main administrative centre on the island, with the police station, is Faza.</p><br>
<h2>Faza</h2><br>
<p>Faza town, on the North coast, known by the name of Ampaza by the Portuguese dates back at least to the 14th century. In 1587, Faza was destroyed by the Portuguese as the local Sheikh had supported Mir Ali Bey, a notorious privateer who had earlier played a key role in ousting the Portuguese from Muscat. The Portuguese arrived from Goa with some 650 men on their punitive expedition, and unleashed their fury on Faza. Everybody they could find was killed, including the local Sheikh. The Portuguese preserved his head in a barrel of salt for display in India. After 4 days of looting they invited Fazas&#39; arch-rivals from Pate town to take away anything that they liked from Faza.</p><br>
<p>Faza was later resettled. The Portuguese in Faza constructed a chapel there, however, nothing remains of it. In the 18th century Faza again fell into decline due to the rise of Pate. The English Consul Holmwood visited the place in 1873 and found it "dirty and infected with diseases".</p><br>
<h2>Pate Town</h2><br>
<p>The Pate Sultanate was a sultanate from at least the beginning of the 13th century until 1895. From 1858 on it was the domain known as Wituland. Archeological evidence suggests Pate was a prominent location in local trade networks by the 10th century.</p><br>
<p>Pate Town is situated on the South-West coast of the island. According to the Pate Chronicle, the town of Pate was founded by refugees from Oman in the 8th century and re-founded by members of the Nabahani family, also from Oman, in 1203. The Pate Chronicle also claims that in the 14th century Pate was so powerful that it had conquered most of the towns on the Swahili Coast. However, recent archaeological findings (by Neville Chittick and later, Mark Horton) suggest that the early references in the Chronicle to Pate are wrong and that the town is in fact younger.</p><br>
<p>The 18th century was known as the "Golden Age of Pate", when the town was at its height of powers and also prospered in fine arts. Builders constructed some of the finest houses on the Swahili Coast, with extensive elaborate plaster works. Goldsmiths made intricate jewellery, fine cloths (including silks) were made by Pate&#39;s weavers and carpenters produced fine wooden furniture. The use and production of the musical instrument known as Siwa were most famous. Two examples of Siwas still remains in the museum in Lamu.</p><br>
<p>Both men and women wrote poetry in the Kiamu dialect of Swahili. The Utendi wa Tambuka, one of the earliest known documents in Swahili, was written in the royal Yunga palace in Pate Town. The downfall of Pate town came as a consequence of continuous quarrelling/warring with its neighbours from the end of the 18th century.</p><br>
<p>In 1811, two British naval officers, Smee and Hardy, visited Pate, and witnessed the infighting.</p><br>
<p>In 1813 the famous "Battle of Shela" took place at Shela. This was an attempt by Pate, allied with the Mazrui clan from Mombasa/Oman, to subject Lamu. The attempt failed totally, and many were killed. Only a handful of people managed to return to Pate, and their losses were felt for years.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Boteler, who visited Pate in 1823, described the seeing the remains of a Portuguese fort, but that the place looked otherwise poor. The poet Mwana Kupona (d. 1860) also lived at Pate Town.</p><br>
<p>By 1892 the number of inhabitants had fallen to only 300, down from 7000. Today, the town has recovered some. Agriculture is today the main economic activity.</p><br>
<h2>Siyu</h2><br>
<p>Siyu town is situated on the North coast of Pate island. As no major excavations have been done in Siyu, its age is not known, but it might date from the 13th century. Gaspar de Santo Bernadino visited the town in 1606, and stated that it was the largest town on the island.</p><br>
<p>Siyu&#39;s main claim to historical fame is that it through several battles withstood the Sultans of Zanzibar. In 1843 the Sheikh of Siyu, Bwana Machaka wa Shee, and the new Sheikh of Pate, repudiated the sovereignty of Seyyid Said, Sultan of Oman and Zanzibar. In response, Seyyid Said assembled an army consisting of 2000 people from Muscat, Baluchistan and Lamu. Leading them was his cousin, General Seyyid Hemed bin Ahmed Al-Busaidy, known as "Amir Hemed". He had previously been Governor of Bandar Abbas (in 1824). He landed at Faza in early January 1844. On 6 January they moved towards Siyu, but were ambushed and forced back to Faza. After three weeks without a victory Amir Hemed sailed off.</p><br>
<p>In 1845 Siyu gave Seyyid Said one of his greatest military defeats, in this battle the famous Amir Hemed was killed and was buried in Rasini where his grave exists to date. Seyyid Said used to pay tribute to his grave at Rasini every year.It is believed Amir Hemed was very swift with his sword to the extent of stopping all arrows and spears shot at him in battlefield.The soldiers of Siu knew about this and during this battle two archers from the Siu army shot two arrows at him in one second targeting his armpit.When Amir Hemed swiftly lifted his sword to stop the first arrow the second shot his chest from the arm pit.Unfortunately it was a poisoned arrow and it killed him instantly. Seyyid Said planned a revenge to avenge the death of his cousin. After a while he cheated almost all the rulers, advisors and generals of Siu into a diplomatic mission with him in Zanzibar, but he turned this into a massacre mission for the rulers of Siu.They were advised by the sultan to leave behind all their weapons since it was a diplomatic one.Upon arrival in Zanzibar, Seyyid Said individually asked every individual in the Siu mission the whereabouts of Amir Hemed and everybody who answered that he is dead was killed instantly by the Sultan.Some of the diplomats who answered that Amir Hemed is still alive were spared but they were imprisoned for life at fort Jesus in Mombasa which was also under the Sultan then.After the Sultan of Zanzibar massacred almost all the rulers of Siu, he forcefully arrested the ones remained in Siu town and deported them to Mombasa for imprisonment at fort Jesus along with the others who survived the Zanzibar Massacre.</p><br>
<p>When Siyu finally succumbed to Zanzibar&#39;s dominance, under Sultan Majid in 1863, it was one of the last towns on the whole of the Swahili Coast to do so.</p><br>
<h2>Kizingitini</h2><br>
<p>Kizingitini is situated on the North coast (east of Faza) and is the largest fishing port on the island. Lying slightly north of Rasini, the fishing port straddles 2° 411.90"S and 41° 829.92"E, and is the southern reach of the Kizingitini-Kiunga Spiny lobster fishery.</p><br>
<h2>Shanga</h2><br>
<p>Shanga is an important archaeological site, situated on the South-East coast of the island. It was excavated during an eight-year period, starting in 1980. The earliest settlement was dated to the 8th century, and the conclusion drawn from archaeological evidence (locally minted coins, burials) indicate that a small number of local inhabitants were Muslim, probably from the late 8th century onwards, and at least from the early ninth. The excavations also revealed a major break in the development of Shanga in the mid or late 11th century, with the destruction and the rebuilding of the Friday Mosque Horton relates this to the writing of the historian João de Barros, about members of an Arab tribe, generally believed to be Qarmatians, who arrived at the Swahili coast. De Barros connects these new arrivals with a republican style of government.</p><br>
<p>Shanga was abandoned between 1400–1425; the event was recorded in both the History of Pate and in oral tradition. The Washanga ("the people of Shanga") consist of a clan who still live in the nearby Swahili town of Siyu. Rezende&#39;s description of Siyu in 1634 states that "the kingdom of Sio has no king but is ruled by governors"</p><br>
<h2>Evidence of Chinese exploration</h2><br>
<p>In 1999, Nicholas Kristof of the New York Times reported a surprising encounter on the island of Pate. He found a village of stone huts. He talked to an elderly man living in the village who said that he was a descendant of Chinese explorers who were shipwrecked there centuries before. The Chinese had supposedly traded with the locals, and had even loaded giraffes onto their ship to take back to China. However, the Chinese ran aground on a nearby reef. Kristof found evidence that confirmed the man&#39;s story. Such evidence included the Asian features of the people in the village, plus Asian-looking porcelain artefacts.</p><br>
<p>National Geographic then published an article by Frank Viviano in July 2005. He had visited Pate island during the time he stayed on Lamu. Ceramic fragments had been found around Lamu, which the administrative officer of the local Swahili history museum claimed were of Chinese origin; specifically, from Zheng He&#39;s voyage to the Swahili Coast. The eyes of the Pate people resembled Chinese. Famao and Wei were some of the names among them which were speculated to be of Chinese origin. Their ancestors were said to be from indigenous women who intermarried with Chinese Ming sailors when they were shipwrecked. Two places on Pate were called "Old Shanga", and "New Shanga", which the Chinese sailors had named. A local guide who claimed descent from the Chinese showed Frank a graveyard made out of coral on the island, indicating that they were the graves of the Chinese sailors, which the author described as "virtually identical" to Chinese Ming dynasty tombs, complete with "half-moon domes" and "terraced entries".</p><br>
<p>The Lamu Archipelago is located in the Indian Ocean close to the northern coast of Kenya, to which it belongs. The islands lie between the towns of Lamu and Kiunga, near the Coast Province. It is a part of Lamu District.</p><br>
<p>The largest of the islands are Pate Island, Manda Island and Lamu Island. Smaller islands include Kiwayu, which lies in the Kiunga Marine National Reserve, and Manda Toto. Today the largest town in the archipelago is Lamu Town, on Lamu Island. The town is on the World Heritage List.</p><br>
<p>The archipelago contains several archaeological/historical sites of great significance, such as Takwa and Manda Town (both on Manda Island) and Shanga (on Pate Island). Some have been partially excavated in later years, shedding important new light on Swahili history and culture.</p><br>
<p>There are some other accounts that mention Chinese ships of Zheng He&#39;s fleet sinking near Lamu Island in Kenya in 1415. Survivors settled on the island and married local women. This has been proven recently by archaeological work on the island that has resulted in the finding of evidence to suggest this connection. Further DNA testing done on some residents show that they indeed have Chinese ancestors.</p><br>
<p>Imogene Pass  is a high mountain pass in the San Juan Mountains in the southwest part of the US state of Colorado.</p><br>
<p>It crosses a ridge connecting Ouray, Colorado with Telluride, Colorado, and is the highest mountain pass in the San Juan Mountains, and the second highest vehicular mountain crossing in Colorado. The road is accessible by four wheel drive vehicles, and is not for the novice driver.</p><br>
<p>From Ouray, the road turns off the road to Yankee Boy Basin above the Camp Bird Mine near the ghost town of Sneffels southwest of Ouray, and climbs through Imogene Basin to the summit.</p><br>
<p>From Telluride, the road takes off north of downtown and climbs past the ghost town of Tomboy through Savage Basin to the summit.</p><br>
<p>The first long distance alternating current power line was constructed over Imogene Pass to carry power from the Telluride area to the Camp Bird Mine.</p><br>
<p>"Fort Peabody" was constructed in 1904 by a local unit of the Colorado National Guard on top of the pass to prevent union miners from crossing during a labor strike.</p><br>
<p>An annual foot race is held over the pass between Ouray and Telluride on the first Saturday following Labor Day. This gruelling race starts at around 7800 ft (2377 m), is 17 miles (27.3 km) in length, and crests on the pass at 13,114 ft (3997 m), a change in elevation of just over a mile.</p><br>
<p>The Hotel Theresa, located at 2082-96 Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard between West 124th and 125th Streets in the Harlem neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, was, in the mid-20th century, a vibrant center of African American life in the area and the city.</p><br>
<p>The 13-story hotel was built in 1912-13 by German-born stockbroker Gustavus Sidenberg (1843–1915), whose wife the hotel is named after, and was designed by the firm of George & Edward Blum, who specialized in designing apartment buildings. The hotel, which was known in its heyday as "the Waldorf of Harlem", exemplifies the Blums&#39; inventive use of terra-cotta for ornamentation, and has been called "one of the most visually striking structures in northern Manhattan."</p><br>
<p>The building, now an office building known as Theresa Towers, was designated a New York City landmark in 1993 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The 13-story hotel &ndash; with its striking white terra cotta facade with ornamentation made specifically for the project and not pre-fabricated stock items, as was standard practice &ndash; opened in 1913 and was, until the construction of the Adam Clayton Powell Jr. State Office Building across the street in 1973, the tallest building in Harlem. It was primarily an apartment hotel, but also accepted temporary guest as well. In its early years, the hotel accepted only white guests, but it was bought in 1937 by Love B. Woods, an African American businessman who, in 1940, ended its racial segregation policy.</p><br>
<p>The hotel had a two-story penthouse dining room which features views of Long Island Sound to the east and the Palisades to the west, as well as a bar and grill. In the 1940s and 1950s, the Theresa became a center of the social life of the black community of Harlem; it was then that it was known as "the Waldorf of Harlem." The hotel profited from the refusal of prestigious hotels elsewhere in the city to accept black guests. As a result, black businessmen, performers, and athletes were thrown under the same roof. The building was also the location of such institutions as A. Philip Randolph&#39;s March on Washington Movement, the March Community Bookstore, and the Organization of Afro-American Unity created by Malcolm X after he left the Nation of Islam.</p><br>
<p>In 1960, Fidel Castro came to New York for the opening session of the United Nations, and, after storming out of the Hotel Shelburne in Midtown Manhattan because of the managements demand for payment in cash, he and his entourage stayed at the Theresa, where they rented 80 rooms for $800 per day. Malcolm X and other civil rights leaders arranged for their stay. According to the New York Times, Castro felt that "Negroes would be more sympathetic" to his cause, and indeed he drew enthusiastic crowds of supporters, along with some protesters. While Castro was there, he was visited by Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, as well as by such luminaries as Malcolm X, poets Langston Hughes and Allen Ginsberg, Gamal Abdel Nasser, the president of Egypt, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru of India, and radical sociologist C. Wright Mills. Subsequent to Castros visit, other Third World leaders, such as Patrice Lumumba of the Belgian Congo, chose to stay at the Theresa.</p><br>
<p>In October 1960, John F. Kennedy campaigned for the presidency at the hotel, along with Eleanor Roosevelt and other leading figures in the Democratic Party.</p><br>
<p>Ron Brown, who was the United States Secretary of Commerce in the Clinton administration, grew up in the hotel, where his father worked as manager, and USA Congressman Charles Rangel (D-Harlem) once worked there as a desk clerk.</p><br>
<p>The hotel suffered from the continued deterioration of Harlem through the 1950s and 1960s and, ironically, from the end of segregation elsewhere in the city. As African Americans of means now had alternatives, they stopped coming to Harlem. The owners had not upgraded or modernized the hotel in decades and it was said to be "dowdy" at best.</p><br>
<p>New owners began converting the building to office space beginning in 1966, and the hotel closed in 1967. The building was renovated and restored, with the exterior largely kept as it had originally been, instead of being replaced with an aluminum and glass facade, an alternative which had been considered. The building reopened in 1970 as Theresa Towers, though a sign with the old name is still painted on the side of the building, and the old name is still commonly used. As well as housing commercial and professional tenants, it serves as an auxiliary campus for Columbia University&#39;s Teachers College and the Touro College of Pharmacy.</p><br>
<h2>Notable guests, tenants and employees</h2><br>
<p>Muhammad Ali - boxer</p><br>
<p>Eddie "Rochester" Anderson - actor</p><br>
<p>Louis Armstrong - musician, singer</p><br>
<p>Josephine Baker - dancer</p><br>
<p>Ron Brown - politician</p><br>
<p>Fidel Castro - President of Cuba</p><br>
<p>Ray Charles - singer, musician</p><br>
<p>Kenneth Clark, - educator,</p><br>
<p>Dorothy Dandridge - actress</p><br>
<p>Duke Ellington - jazz musician, bandleader, composer</p><br>
<p>Jimi Hendrix - rock musician</p><br>
<p>Lena Horne - singer</p><br>
<p>Andy Kirk - musician, bandleader (managed the Theresa bar)</p><br>
<p>A. Philip Randolph - activist, anti-poverty activist</p><br>
<p>Charles Rangel - politician (desk clerk)</p><br>
<p>Little Richard - singer, musician</p><br>
<p>Joe Louis - boxer</p><br>
<p>Malcolm X - activist</p><br>
<p>Sugar Ray Robinson - boxer</p><br>
<p>Dinah Washington - singer</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Some scenes of Alfred Hitchcock&#39;s movie Topaz, the plot of which revolves around the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, are set in and in front of the Hotel Theresa.</p><br>
<p>The Hotel Theresa is one of the settings in the novel Push and the film Precious (2009). Precious&#39; Each One Teach One alternative school is on the "nineteenth floor".</p><br>
<p>WLIB-1190 AM (known as Harlem Radio Center) maintained studios here from 1952-1962.</p><br>
<p>The Xagħra Stone Circle , also known as the Xagħra Hypogeum or the Brochtorff Circle, is a Neolithic funerary complex located in Xagħra, Gozo, Malta. It consists of a series of underground caves which were used to bury the dead, and which were surrounded by a walled enclosure. It mainly dates back to around 3000 to 2400 BC, although the earliest tombs at the site date back to 4100 to 3800 BC. The caves collapsed sometime before 2000 BC, and the site was later used for domestic and agricultural purposes.</p><br>
<p>After being discovered in the late 18th century, the site was excavated in the 1820s before being reburied and forgotten. It was rediscovered in 1964, and major excavations took place between 1987 and 1994. It is the only prehistoric stone-enclosed hypogeum in Europe, and it is regarded as one of the most important archaeological sites in Malta along with the megalithic temples and the Hypogeum of Ħal-Saflieni. Recent dating through AMS has added scores of new date estimates of the burials as part of the ERC funded FRAGSUS project and the ToTL project. The isotopic studies indicate changing dietary and climatic conditions and link with broader changes in the local environment.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>When first discovered in 1788, the site was simply described as an "ancient structure" without a name. After it was depicted in paintings by Charles Brochtorff in the 1820s, the site was commonly referred to as the Brochtorff Circle, although it is not known who came up with this name.</p><br>
<p>The site eventually became known as the Xagħra Stone Circle or the Gozo Stone Circle. According to the archaeologist David Trump, these names are misnomers as there might be other stone circles in Xagħra or elsewhere in Gozo. In 2009, Trump coined the term Xagħra Hypogeum as the name best describing the site.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>The Xagħra Stone Circle originally consisted of a walled enclosure surrounding underground caves which were used as a necropolis. It has some similarities to the Hypogeum of Ħal-Saflieni, a prehistoric funerary complex on the main island of Malta. However, Ħal-Saflieni is a man-made carved structure, while the Xagħra Stone Circle consists of natural caves which were adapted into a cemetery. Excavations at the site have shown that the bodies of the deceased were dismembered, and the different body parts were buried at separate places.</p><br>
<p>The site was the burial ground of the same community which built the nearby Ġgantija temple, which is now well-preserved. Several other temples might have stood in the vicinity, including at Santa Verna (where a few megaliths which are probably the remains of an important temple were found) and Ta&#39; Ġesù.</p><br>
<p>The earliest tombs at the site date back to between 4100 and 3800 BC, during the Żebbuġ phase of Maltese prehistory. There is very little activity from 3800 to 3000 BC, and most of the site is believed to date back to 3000 to 2400 BC, during the Tarxien phase. The caves in which the complex was built were prone to collapse, and they weakened over time so megaliths were used in an attempt to stabilize the roof. The structure finally collapsed at some point before 2000 BC.</p><br>
<p>During the Bronze Age, the site was probably used for non-funerary domestic purposes, and remains from the Tarxien Cemetery and Borġ in-Nadur phases were uncovered in the area. The land was subsequently used for agricultural purposes until the 20th century.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery, excavations and recent history</h2><br>
<p>The Xagħra Stone Circle was first recorded by Jean Houel in 1788. In the 1820s, Otto Bayer excavated part of the complex through a collapsed cave roof, and Charles Brochtorff painted several paintings showing the site during this excavation. The site was filled in by the late 1830s, and its exact location was lost over time. but they were subsequently removed.</p><br>
<p>The complex was rediscovered by the Gozitan researcher Joe Attard Tabone in 1964. It was excavated between 1987 and 1994 by a joint team from the University of Malta, the Maltese Museums Department and the University of Cambridge. These excavations revealed the remains of one of the largest funerary complexes in the Mediterranean, and led to a better understanding of the society who built Malta&#39;s megalithic temples. About 220,000 human bones belonging to between 450 and 800 individuals were uncovered during the excavations, along with some animal bones and a series of artifacts, including figurines and architectural fragments.</p><br>
<p>The Xagħra Stone Circle is regarded as one of the most important archaeological sites in Malta. It is the only stone-enclosed hypogeum in Europe, and the only prehistoric necropolis in Malta which was properly excavated – no records were kept when the human remains and artifacts at Ħal-Saflieni were cleared in the early 20th century. Parts of the site remain unstudied, and efforts are being made to preserve the complex, since it is fragile and prone to collapse.</p><br>
<p>The site is on government-owned land, and it is managed by Heritage Malta. The remains have Class A protection, and they are listed on the National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands. The site is not accessible to the public.</p><br>
<p>Manzanita Lake is a lake located in Lassen Volcanic National Park. Located near the park entrance, the lake is open for fishing and has rainbow, brown and brook trout.</p><br>
<p>Manzanita Lake was formed when Manzanita Creek was dammed 300 years ago by a rock avalanche from the northwest slope of the Chaos Crags, which also resulted in the debris formation known as Chaos Jumbles.</p><br>
<p>The area around the lake features the Loomis Museum, a campground, and the Manzanita Lake Naturalist&#39;s Services Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Chaos Crags and Lassen Peak at Manzanita Lake.jpgView of Chaos Crags and Lassen Peak from the lakeshore.</p><br>
<p>Fishing on Manzanita Lake.jpgFishing on Manzanita Lake.</p><br>
<p>Lassen Manzanita Lake.jpgThe shore of Manzanita Lake.</p><br>
<p>Murray Isle is an island in the Thousand Islands region of the St. Lawrence River in the U.S. state of New York. The island lies in the Town of Clayton, near its border with the Town of Orleans, in the northern part of Jefferson County.</p><br>
<p>Today Murray Isle is the site of many summer cottages.</p><br>
<p>While the record is unclear, it is believed that the first cottage on Murray Isle was built in 1860. The structure, a simple log cabin, was owned by Daniel Sherman. By 1880, the island had four cottages, all located upriver, on the northern portion of the island.</p><br>
<p>Murray was formerly known as Hemlock Island due to the presence of that variety of tree, but the name was changed in the late 18th century to Murray Hill Park after the Murray Hill area of New York City when the island was developed and lots sold off. The development was never finished. The name was shortened to its present form some time later.</p><br>
<p>The Murray Hill Hotel was built on the island in the late 19th century, and served tourists who came over on steam ships from Clayton, NY through the early 20th century when it closed and was ultimately torn down. Today a community house and post office sit on the former site of the hotel. The post office operates yearly from June until September. An annual "Fish Fry" is hosted on the grounds of the community house every summer; the event takes place on the first Saturday of July.</p><br>
<p>Murray Isle is bounded by channels on both its eastern and western tips. The channel on the island&#39;s eastern tip, known as "The Narrows" separates Murray Isle and Wellesley Island. A small islet known as Wintergreen Island (formerly Whippoorwill Island) is connected by a footbridge along the southern length of Murray.</p><br>
<p>Bara or al-Bara  is one of the former "Dead Cities" in northwestern Syria. It is located in the Zawiya Mountain approximately 65 km north from Hama and approx. 80 km southwest from Aleppo. Al-Bara is also town in Ariha district. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics , al-Bara had a population of 10,353 in the 2004 census.</p><br>
<p>The settlement was established in the fourth century at an important trade route between Antioch and Apamea. Due to good location and excellent conditions to produce wine and olive oil, it flourished in the 5th and 6th centuries. When Muslims conquered the region and trading routes were disrupted and other Dead Cities were abandoned, Bara remained inhabited, most inhabitants remained Christians, and the town even became a seat of a bishopric subordinate of Antioch.</p><br>
<p>In 1098, it was conquered by crusaders (from there they later set off to the infamous cannibalistic massacre of Ma`arat al-Numan) led by Raymond de Saint-Gilles. In 1123, the town was reconquered by Muslims who built a small fortress. Later in the 12th century, after a severe earthquake, the town was abandoned.</p><br>
<p>Later, in the beginning of the 20th century, a modern village of the same name arose near the site of the ancient town and till today it has grown to the size of a small town.</p><br>
<p>Ruins are the most extensive of all Dead Cities and are scattered among fields, olive groves and orchards. Among many others, one can distinguish remains of at least five churches, three monasteries, several villas, two pyramidal tombs and one underground tomb.</p><br>
<p>Skjomen  is a fjord arm that branches off from the Ofotfjorden. It is located in the Ofoten district in Northern Norway, located just south of the city of Narvik. The European route E06 highway crosses the Skjomen fjord over the Skjomen Bridge, just south of the mouth of the fjord.</p><br>
<h2>Skjomdalen</h2><br>
<p>A sheltered valley called "Skjomdalen" extends southward from the end of the fjord. The valley is inhabited by approximately 400 people. The population is spread out over several very small villages in the valley, with the largest being Elvegård which functions as a very small service centre for the valley. One of the world&#39;s northernmost 18 hole golf courses is located in Elvegård, near the fjord. Skjomen Church sits along the shore of the fjord in Elvegård.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The name "Skjomen" was originally called Skieffa or Skievva in the 15th century. This is a name from the Northern Sami language that is believed to mean "Sea". The Sami people are a nomadic people living among others in the mountains of Sweden and Norway in the wintertime and traveling to the sea at springtime. In this case traveling to Skieffa (sea) or Skjomen.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Skjomen has a site of about 80 rock carvings near the sea. They consist of animal figures including reindeer, whales and moose as well as a human figure holding a reindeer in straps. The rock carvings are believed to have been made by the mesolithic Fosna-Hensbacka culture dating from around 5000 BC. The rock carvings were discovered in the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>For a short period, German battleship Tirpitz hid beneath the extremely steep mountains surrounding the fjord to avoid attack by allied warplanes during World War II.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Skjomen is known for its scenic landscape with high, steep mountains, and clear water. Skjomtind, Reintind, and Klubbviktind are three of the many beautiful mountains surrounding the fjord. The highest point around Skjomen is the 1,894 m tall mountain Storsteinfjell. The Frostisen glacier, which is one of the larger plateau glaciers in Norway is located just west of the fjord. Frostisen covers an area of about 25 km&sup2; and it is located at an elevation of 1710 to 840 m above sea level.</p><br>
<p>Tupelo National Battlefield commemorates the American Civil War battle of Tupelo, also known as the Battle of Harrisburg, fought from July 14 to 15, 1864, near Tupelo, Mississippi. The Union victory over Confederate forces in northeast Mississippi ensured the safety of Sherman&#39;s supply lines during the Atlanta Campaign.</p><br>
<h2>Administrative history</h2><br>
<p>The battlefield was established as Tupelo Battlefield Site on February 21, 1929. It was transferred from the USA War Department to the National Park Service on August 10, 1933, redesignated, and boundary changed on August 10, 1961. In 1936 the Tupelo-Gainesville Tornado destroyed the concrete monument to the battle, ripping it out of the ground and shattering it. The site was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966.</p><br>
<p>Artemida  is a seaside resort town in East Attica, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Spata-Artemida, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 18.653 km.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The city was named after the ancient goddess Artemis. The Temple of Artemis Brauron was among the most important sacred sites in the ancient times. Vravrona (or Brauron), about 20 km from Athens, was one of the 12 towns of Attica that was united to Athens by Theseus.</p><br>
<p>The ancient temple of Artemis is of Doric style and flourished in the 5th-4th century B.C. According to a myth, this is the temple where Iphigeneia was brought by her brother Orestes, when they met in the land of Tauris, where she served as a priestess in a local temple of Artemis. Iphigeneia had been transferred to Tauris by goddess Artemis herself, when she saved her from the sacrifice in Aulis. Returning to Greece, Iphigeneia brought with her a wooden statue of Artemis from Tauris.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Artemida is located on the Aegean Sea coast, in the eastern part of the Attica peninsula. It lies 5 km south of Rafina, 8 km east of Spata, 9 km north of Porto Rafti and 25 km east of Athens city centre. Greek National Road 85 (Rafina - Lavrio) passes through the town.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<p>Mount Frissell, 2,454 ft, located on the border of southwest Massachusetts and northwest Connecticut, is a prominent peak of the Taconic Range.</p><br>
<p>The peak and northern part of the mountain are located within Massachusetts, while the southern slope of Mount Frissell is located within Connecticut and rises to the highest elevation within that state, 2,379 ft. The high-point marker for Connecticut is on the border with Massachusetts at 42.049633&deg;N latitude, 73.483042&deg;W longitude. Bear Mountain, located 1.3 mi to the east, is the highest mountain summit in Connecticut. Most hikers reach the state high point by a rather short route starting high up in the col between Mt. Frissell and Bear Mountain, at an elevation of around 1,800 ft.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is located within the towns of Mount Washington, Massachusetts and Salisbury, Connecticut; much of it has been conserved as part of Massachusetts Mount Washington State Forest and Connecticuts Mount Riga Forest Preserve. The south side of Mount Frissell drains into Riga Lake and South Pond, then into Wachocostinook Brook, Salmon Creek, the Housatonic River, and Long Island Sound. The northwest side drains into Ashley Hill Brook, thence Bash Bish Brook, the Roeliff Jansen Kill, the Hudson River, and Upper New York Bay. The northeast side drains into Sages Ravine, thence into Schenob Brook, the Hubbard Brook, the Housatonic River, and Long Island Sound. Mount Frissell is bordered by Round Mountain to the southeast, Mount Ashley to the north, and Brace Mountain to the west.</p><br>
<p>Mount Frissell is traversed by the Mount Frissell Trail which connects with the South Taconic Trail to the west and the Appalachian Trail to the east.</p><br>
<p>Queen Charlotte Strait is a strait between Vancouver Island and the Mainland of British Columbia, Canada. It connects Queen Charlotte Sound with Johnstone Strait and Discovery Passage and via them to the Strait of Georgia and Puget Sound. It forms part of the Inside Passage from Washington to Alaska. The term Queen Charlotte Strait is also used to refer to the general region and its many communities, notably of the Kwakwaka&#39;wakw peoples. Despite its name, Queen Charlotte Strait does not lie between the Queen Charlotte Islands (Haida Gwaii and the mainland; that body of water is named Hecate Strait.</p><br>
<p>According to the BCGNIS, the northern boundary of Queen Charlotte Strait is defined as a line running Cape Sutil, at the north end of Vancouver Island, to Cape Caution on the mainland. The southern end of Queen Charlotte Strait is described as "several narrow channels north and east of Malcolm Island".</p><br>
<p>Queen Charlotte Sound was named by James Strange on August 5, 1786, in honour of Queen Charlotte, the consort of King George III. Strange was the leader of a fur trading expedition of two vessels, the Captain Cook, under Captain Henry Lawrie, and the Experiment, under Captain John Guise. During a boat excursion up Goletas Channel, Strange saw an opening ahead and named it Queen Charlotte Sound. The body of water he named was what is today known as Queen Charlotte Strait. For some time Queen Charlotte Strait was also called Queen Charlotte Sound, until 1920 when the BCGNIS and Hydrographic Service distinguished between Queen Charlotte Sound and Queen Charlotte Strait. George Vancouver, who used the name in his maps and writings, wrote that the sound was named by Mr. S. Wedgeborough, in command of the Experiment under James Strange, but this is probably a mistake.</p><br>
<p>The strait lies between the Mainland and Vancouver Island portions of the Mount Waddington Regional District, a form of regional municipal governance with power over zoning, building and sewer permits and inter-municipal integration. Most communities in the region, however, are Indian reserve communities of the Kwakwakawakw peoples which are outside the jurisdiction of regional district governance. The traditional territories of most of the various Kwakwakawakw peoples overlap in the strait, which is a vital fishery resource and transportation link between their communities.</p><br>
<p>William Howard Taft National Historic Site is a historic house at 2038 Auburn Avenue in the Mount Auburn Historic District of Cincinnati, Ohio, a mile  north of Downtown. It was the birthplace and childhood home of William Howard Taft, the 27th President of the United States and the 10th Chief Justice of the United States. The two-story Greek Revival house, built circa 1835, is a reminder of the elegant era when wealthier people here could escape the dirt, heat, smoke and crowded conditions of the lower city.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>William Howard Taft&#39;s father, Alphonso Taft, came to Cincinnati from Vermont in 1838 to establish a law practice. He moved his family to this house a little over a decade later. Alphonso Taft became an early supporter of the Republican Party in Cincinnati. He lived in this house with his family and parents. He would eventually serve as the 31st United States Secretary of War and the 35th United States Attorney General.</p><br>
<p>The house is believed to have been built in the early 1840s by a family named Bowen. Alphonso bought the house at 60 Auburn Street (now 2038 Auburn Avenue), with its accompanying 1.82 acres, for $10,000 on June 13, 1851. Mount Auburn was once a popular area to live for upper-class Cincinnatians, as it allowed those of higher incomes to escape the sweltering heat and humidity of downtown Cincinnati summers. The Taft residence, a Greek Revival domicile, was relatively modest compared to other nearby residences, which were a mix of Second Empire, Italianate, and Georgian Revival.</p><br>
<p>Alphonso&#39;s wife Fanny Phelps Taft died a year after the family moved to the Mount Auburn residence, in June 1852. In December 1853 Alphonso remarried, choosing a schoolteacher from Massachusetts named Louise Torrey. Louise Taft would give birth to their second child, William Howard Taft, in the house on September 15, 1857, presumably in the first-floor nursery in the rear ell. (The first child had died at age fourteen months from whooping cough.) Alphonso had six children living in the house, two by Fanny (three others had died beforehand) and four by Louise.</p><br>
<p>The house was used for social events. Visitors included many local and state dignitaries, including future President James A. Garfield. Rugs in the parlor were often rolled up for dancing. Family activities took place in the library; Alphonso was an avid book collector.</p><br>
<p>William would live in the house until he went to Yale University in 1874. Afterward, the Taft family would spend less time in the house, starting when Alphonso served in the Ulysses S. Grant administration. In 1877 a fire damaged the second floor and roof. Alphonso and Louise would lease the house in 1889, moving to California because the climate was thought to be beneficial for those with declining health. William had married in 1886, and the rest of the Taft sons had moved out by this point as well. In May 1891 Alphonso died in San Diego, California, and was buried in Cincinnati; the tenants of the Auburn house allowed the mourners to gather at the house for the funeral. Louise eventually was able to sell the house outright, after ten years of trying, in 1899 to Judge Albert C. Thompson, after returning to her home town of Millbury, Massachusetts, to live with her sister.</p><br>
<h2>Post-Taft ownership</h2><br>
<p>Within five years of the house leaving the Taft family, the front veranda was removed, replaced by a one-story porch. Other modifications were the addition of a conservatory and the demolition of outbuildings, including a stable. Upon Thompsons death the house was sold by his widow to Colonel Ernest H. Ruffner in 1912. Upon Ruffners death it was sold by his daughter. The William Howard Taft Memorial Association was formed on July 7, 1937, in hopes of buying the property, but went without support of the Taft family, as Robert Taft thought it would look too opportunistic to memorialize the house his father grew up in, and thus failed in acquiring the $12,000 to buy it. In the 1940s the building was used as apartments, with the new owner Elbert R. Bellinger once considering selling it to become a funeral parlor for local blacks. Taft family political fortunes faltered with Robert&#39;s death in 1953, and with Charles Phelps Taft II available to spearhead the movement, the William Howard Taft Memorial Association eventually acquired the house for $35,000 (the assessment price), instead of the $75,000 Bellinger was demanding for it.</p><br>
<p>By 1961, the house was in poor condition and needed restoration, to the tune of $92,500. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964. A ceremony on September 15, 1964 (William&#39;s 107th birthday), celebrated the home becoming a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>The association gained full title to the house in 1968 and in 1969 transferred it to the National Park Service, which currently operates the site as a historic house museum, so that its future upkeep is ensured. The United States government took the property title on November 1, 1970.</p><br>
<p>Letters and diary entries written by Louise Taft during her time in the home helped preservationists to return the domicile to how it appeared during William&#39;s childhood.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>William Howard Taft National Historic Site has two main buildings. The first is the original home owned by William Howard Tafts parents, Alphonso and Louise Taft. It has been restored to look as it did during the time William lived there. All the family portraits and many of the books on display belonged to the Taft family. The first floor has five rooms restored: Williams birthplace, and four rooms representative of the period. The furniture is period pieces and did not necessarily belong to the Tafts. The second floor contains exhibits on the accomplishments of William.</p><br>
<p>The second building is the National Historic Sites Visitor Center, officially called the Taft Education Center. It has offices, a National Park giftshop, an audio-animatronic exhibit of Williams son Charles Phelps Taft II fishing and telling stories about his father and other members of the Taft family, and a short biographical film on William Howard Taft.</p><br>
<p>Dalecarlia Reservoir is the primary storage basin for drinking water in Washington, D.C., fed by an underground aqueduct in turn fed by low dams which divert portions of the Potomac River near Great Falls and Little Falls.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir is located between Spring Valley and the Palisades, two neighborhoods in Northwest Washington, and Brookmont, a neighborhood in Montgomery County, Maryland.</p><br>
<p>The 50 acre reservoir was completed in 1858 by the United States Army Corps of Engineers as part of the Washington Aqueduct project. It began providing water on January 3, 1859. Initially the reservoir provided water to the city from the adjacent Little Falls Branch until the aqueduct construction was completed. Regular water service from the Potomac River source through the aqueduct commenced in 1864. The reservoir was modified in 1895 and 1935 to improve water quality and increase water supply.</p><br>
<p>The Capital Crescent Trail runs adjacent to the reservoir and through the center of the pumping campus. The boundary between Maryland and the District of Columbia passes through the reservoir. An historic D.C. boundary marker (Northwest No. 5) is located in a woodland east of the reservoir. Another (Northwest No. 4) is located a short distance east of the Capital Crescent Trail, near the Dalecarlia water purification facility.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir is maintained by the Washington Aqueduct division of the Army Corps of Engineers.</p><br>
<p>The San Leandro Oyster Beds in San Leandro, California, were the origin of the oyster industry in the USA state of California. During the 1890s, the oyster industry thrived until it became the single most important fishery in the state. According to the description provided by the California Office of Historic Preservation, Moses Wicks is supposed to have been the first to bring seed oysters around Cape Horn and implant them in the San Leandro beds. The oyster industry in San Francisco Bay was at its height around the turn of the 20th century. It reached a secondary peak by 1911 and then faded away because of polluted conditions of the bay.</p><br>
<p>The former site of the oyster beds was named a California Historical Landmark (#824) and is located in the San Leandro Marina. The historical marker has been stolen but the mounting holes remain in a large mosaic depicting oyster harvesting early in the 1900s. A photograph of the site is available online. It shows the curved mosaic mural and the space where the historical marker was formerly located.</p><br>
<p>Hornavan is a lake in northern Sweden. Located in Arjeplog Municipality in the province of Swedish Lapland, administratively known as Norrbotten County, it is the deepest lake in Sweden.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>It is situated among the Scandinavian mountain range, at a height of 425 m. The town of Arjeplog is located on its south-western shore. The lake then extends 70 km&sup2; northwest up to the town of Jäckvik, containing about 400 islets, many of which have distinguishable flora and fauna. Research on the ecosystems comparing the larger islands with smaller islets in Hornavan and Uddjaur are popular due to their unpolluted environment, and have yielded. In June 2005 an international study was published in Nature entitled Effects of species and functional group loss on island ecosystem properties.</p><br>
<p>On its southern end, the lake attaches with the lake Uddjaure.</p><br>
<p>The surface area fluctuates between 220 and, but some sources give it as constant 251 km&sup2 in any case, it is the eighth largest lake in Sweden. With a largest depth of 221 m it is also the deepest.</p><br>
<p>The lake has been cultivated for water power. Hornavan, like all lakes in Arjeplog Municipality, have drinkable water.</p><br>
<h2>Fishing</h2><br>
<p>In terms of animal life, it has 5 native species of whitefish: Coregonus pallasii, Coregonus megalops, Coregonus maxillaris, Coregonus nelssonii and Coregonus widegreni (the latter known under the name Valaam), with a sixth, Coregonus maraena, introduced in the 1940s.</p><br>
<p>The most popular sport-fishing catches are otherwise trouts, which is best done by trolling.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Arjeplog Official Site</p><br>
<p>Zāyandé-Rūd or Zāyanderūd , also spelled as Zayandeh-Rood or Zayanderood, is the largest river of the Iranian Plateau in central Iran.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Zayandeh starts in the Zard-Kuh subrange of the Zagros Mountains in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province. It flows 400 km eastward before ending in the Gavkhouni swamp, a seasonal salt lake, southeast of Isfahan city.</p><br>
<p>The Zayandeh used to have significant flow all year long, unlike many of Iran&#39;s rivers which are seasonal, but today runs dry due to water extraction before reaching the city of Esfahan. In the early 2010s, the lower reaches of the river dried out completely after several years of seasonal dry-outs.</p><br>
<p>The Zayandeh River basin has an area of 41,500 km&sup2, altitude from 3,974 m to 1,466 m, an average rain fall of 130 mm and a monthly average temperature of 3 &deg;C to 29 &deg;C. There are 2,700 km&sup2; of irrigated land in the Zayandeh River basin, with water derived from the nine main hydraulic units of the Zayandeh River, wells, qanat and springs in lateral valleys. Zayandeh River water gave life to the people of central Iran mainly in Isfahan and Yazd provinces. Before the drying-out, water diverted per person was 240 litres (63 US gallons/53 imp gallons) per day in urban areas and 150 litres (40 US gallons/33 imp gallons) per day in villages. In the 1970s, the flow of the river was estimated at 1.2 km3 per annum, or 38 m&sup3; per second.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>People have lived on the banks of Zayandeh River for thousands of years. The earliest evidence of human occupation along the River is found in a cave site called Qaleh Bozi near Dizicheh at SW of Isfahan. More than 40,000 years ago, groups of Paleolithic hunters (Neanderthals) used Qaleh Bozi caves as shelter for seasonal or temporary occupations and left their stone tools and bones of hunted animals.</p><br>
<p>An ancient prehistoric culture, the Zayandeh River Civilization, flourished along the banks of the Zayandeh in the 6th Millennium BC.</p><br>
<p>Zayandeh River crosses the city of Isfahan, a major cultural and economic center of Iran. In the 17th century, Shaikh Bahai (an influential scholar and adviser to the Safavid dynasty), designed and built a system of canals (maadi), to distribute Zayandeh water to Isfahan&#39;s suburbs. Water from the Zayandeh River helped the growth of the population and the economy, helped established Isfahan as an influential center, and gave a green landscape to Isfahan, a city in the middle of a desert.</p><br>
<p>The Zayandeh river bed is spanned by many historical Safavid era bridges, and the river used to flow through many parks.</p><br>
<p>Arthur Pope (an American archaeologist and historian of Persian art) and his wife Phyllis Ackerman are buried in a small tomb in pleasant surroundings in its banks. Richard Frye (an American scholar of Iranian and Central Asian Studies) has also requested to be buried there.</p><br>
<h2>Water use and division</h2><br>
<p>Until the 1960s in Isfahan Province the distribution of water followed the Tomar, a document claimed to date from the 16th Century. The Tomar divided the flow of the Zayandeh River into 33 parts which were then specifically allotted to the eight major districts within the region. At the district level the water flow was divided either on a time basis, or by the use of variable weirs, so that the proportion could be maintained regardless of the height of the flow.</p><br>
<p>For centuries Isfahan city had been an oasis settlement, noted for its surrounding fertile lands and prosperity. Until the 1960s industrial demand for water was minimal, which enabled the scarce water resources to be utilized primarily for agriculture. With a growing population within the basin, and rising standards of living particularly within the city, the pressure on water resources steadily increased until the division of water Tomar was no longer feasible. The creation of large steel works and other new industries demanded water.</p><br>
<p>The Chadegan Reservoir dam project in 1972 was a major hydroelectric project to help with stabilizing water flow and generate electricity. The dam was initially named Shah Abbas Dam after Shah Abbas I, the most influential king of the Safavid dynasty, but it was changed to Zayandeh Dam after the Islamic revolution in 1979. Since 1972, the Chadegan Reservoir has helped prevent seasonal flooding of the Zayandeh River. Water discharge is increased during Persian New Year to allow the river to flow through Esfahan once more during the public holiday.</p><br>
<p>80% of the Zayandehs extracted water is used for agriculture, 10% for human consumption (drinking and domestic needs of a population of 4.5 million), 7% for industry (like the Zobahan-e-Esfahan and Foolad Mobarekeh steel companies and Isfahans petrochemical, refinery and power plants) and 3% for other uses. There have been a number of tunnel projects (Koohrang) to redirect water from the Karun river (Iran&#39;s largest river that also starts in the Zagros Mountains), to the Zayandeh. These have helped provide water for the growing population and new industries in both Isfahan and Yazd provinces.</p><br>
<p>While the drying-out of the lower reaches of the Zayandeh River has been attributed to drought, the main reasons are man-made. Poor planning and populist politics have led to years of mismanagement and overuse which resulted in seasonal dry-outs and ultimately caused the river to dry out completely before reaching Esfahan.</p><br>
<h2>Bridges</h2><br>
<p>There are several new and old bridges (pol) over the Zayandeh River. The oldest, Shahrestan, built in the 5th century AD, is still in use as a pedestrian crossing in Sharestan village.</p><br>
<p>Bridges on Zayandeh River in City of Esfahan:</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>In the section of the Zayandeh River crossing Esfahan, bridges, parks, paddle boats and traditional cafes and restaurants amongst the rest of Esfahan rich cultural heritage, are major tourist attractions for Iranian as well as international visitors.</p><br>
<p>Kasprowy Wierch or Kasprov vrch  is a mountain in the Western Tatras. The mountain is also renowned as one of the most popular ski areas in Poland. Its peak is accessible by cablecar.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The mountain also delineates the border between Poland and Slovakia and it is possible to cross the border of each country, weather permitting. As both countries are part of the Schengen zone, it is not controlled or forbidden.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>From 1910 onwards Kasprowy Wierch became very popular among ski tourists so much so an aerial tramway or téléphérique, reaching almost to the summit, was built between 1935-1936 as such it is one of the oldest in Europe. As part of its modernization, the cabin aerial ropeway was closed for a period until December 2007. In 1938 meteorological and astronomical observatories were built here. Users of the cable car have to change cars midway at Myślenicke Turnie mount. At the top station there are restaurants and information offices with further ski lifts just outside. The cable cars are extremely popular and tourists regularly have to wait up to 3 hours to buy tickets - roughly the same time it would take to ascend the mountain on foot. The cable car service has caused environmental concerns and protest both in 1935 and 2006.</p><br>
<p>In 1961-1962 and in 1967-1968 chairlifts were built on the slopes of the mountain and they run in two sections.</p><br>
<p>Grandma Prisbrey&#39;s Bottle Village, also known as Bottle Village, is a folk art piece, located in Simi Valley, California.</p><br>
<p>This assemblage is one of California&#39;s Twentieth Century Folk Art Environments. In 1956, Tressa Prisbrey, then 60 years old, started building a "village" of shrines, walkways, sculptures, and buildings from recycled items and discards from the local landfill. She worked for 25 years creating one structure after another to house her collections. Bottle Village is California Historical Landmark number 939. It is also a Ventura County Cultural Landmark, and has historic designation from the City of Simi Valley. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>It was officially closed in 1984 and severely damaged during the 1994 Northridge earthquake. In 1979 Bottle Village was named a Ventura County Cultural Landmark. In 1981 it was declared a California State Historical Landmark National Register. In 1996, two years after the Northridge earthquake and still in ruin, it was placed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Tressa "Grandma" Prisbrey</h2><br>
<p>Tressa Luella Schaefer was born in Easton, Minnesota in 1896. She attended school until the age of twelve and studied mostly politics in North Dakota. At the age of 15, Tressa married the ex-husband of her sister, Theodore Grinolds who was 37 years her senior (52 years old). The marriage with Theordore only lasted 14 years and within those years she bore seven children. After Theodore&#39;s passing at age 72, Tressa and her seven children moved up to Seattle where she married an unnamed and unemployed man. Their marriage was very short lived. Over the course of her life, she had witnessed the passing of six out of her seven children (4 boys, 2 girls).</p><br>
<p>In 1946, Tressa made the move to Santa Susana, California, now known as Simi Valley, California. Ten years after the big move, Tressa met her husband, Al Prisbrey who bought one-third of an acre located on Cochran Street. Both brought in a trailer to live in and removed the tires and hid them in an effort to stay grounded on the lot. When Tressa first moved to Santa Susana, she had a large collection of 17,000 pencils which had previously been her hobby. In an effort to find a place to put them, she decided she wanted to make a house for her pencils to stay. At the age of 60, she began looking around to buy cinder-blocks to build with but came to discover the prices were way out of her range. Tressa stumbled upon a dump where she realized that bottles would be perfect to build with. When she returned home, she realized with her were 1,000,015 bottles. She began going to her sister, Hattie&#39;s house and made cement by hand and built her first bottle house by hand. This is when Bottle Village began to take form. Grandma Prisbrey mentioned she did not begin this project to gain attention but as an outpost as well as a place to keep all of her things. She was very much a collector as well as a recycler. She was interested in the fact that everything has a purpose and is special and unique and that is exactly what she brings to bottle village. Not just in the visuals but the overall feeling you receive from being present.</p><br>
<p>The Village was very much established by 1961 but Grandma kept adding structures and tweaking into the 1980s. She moved away in 1972, but later came back to live in a trailer alongside the village where she continued adding sculptures and flower planters. Prisbrey again left the Village, due to failing health in 1982 at the age of 86, and took residence with her sole-surviving child in San Francisco. In July 1986 the property was gift deeded to the Preserve Bottle Village committee. Tressa Prisbrey died in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Bottle Village</h2><br>
<p>Prisbreys original idea was to build a wall to keep away the smell and dust of the adjacent turkey farm and to simply create a structure where she could store her 17,000 commemorative pencils. They had spent all their money paying for the property so she resorted to visiting a local dump where she found thousands of colored bottles. She started with a wall and continued to build until she had constructed 16 buildings and structures made of glass and assorted other materials, a mosaic sidewalk, the Leaning Tower of Bottle Village, the Dolls Head Shrine, Cleopatras Bedroom, the Round House, and more. The Los Angeles Times described Bottle Village as an "eccentric folk-art wonderland."</p><br>
<p>Bottle Village is seen by art historians and folklorists as a complex work combining the desires of an elderly lady to provide simple shelter for her valued personal collections; memorialize family, friends, and important life events; grieve over the loss of family members; entertain visitors; and leave behind a testament to her very personal vision, exuberance, and inspiration. To national history, Bottle Village is important because it is a significant folk art environment created by an American folk artist of high acclaim, and also because it is a rarity created out of actual mass consumer throwaway from everyday lives of Americans of the late 1950s and early 1960s.</p><br>
<p>When building bottle village, no help was given and everything is made from hand and all recycled materials. One of the shrines that can be seen at Bottle Village is called The Headlight Garden. This garden was made for her then 35-year-old daughter who had been diagnosed with cancer. Her daughter loved flowers so Tressa decided to make her a rose garden made out of headlights and recycled materials. Before her daughter&#39;s passing, she would love to wake up every morning and sit by the garden in silence. According to Tressa, the day her daughter died, the roses died.</p><br>
<p>There are heart, diamond, and spade stepping stones that symbolize when Tressa visited Los Vegas (Nevada). She made the forms out of cement but then filled them with random recycled things like scissors, etc. Bottle village offers not just buildings made out of bottles but wishing wells made from tiles, the ground is paved with recyclables, a doll shrine, a leaning tower of bottles and much more. Each building also has its own theme. For example, a doll house was built to house Grandma Prisbrey&#39;s doll collection which held 600 dolls. Grandma Prisbrey mentioned every day she would go into that house and dress up some of the dolls.</p><br>
<p>"Anyone can do something with a million dollars. Look at Disney," Prisbrey once said. "But it takes more than money to make something out of nothing, and look at the fun I have doing it." When visitors would come to Bottle Village when Grandma Prisbrey was still alive, she would first take them on a tour but then end in her meditation room where she would allow them to meditate as well as listen to her sing different songs. She would charge only 75 cents a visit but people would frequently give her more.</p><br>
<h2>Earthquake and funding</h2><br>
<p>The 1994 Northridge earthquake struck eight miles away and badly damaged the Village. Because of the severe damage, the Preserve Bottle Village committee applied for Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) funding, receiving almost US$500,000. In 1997, when it appeared FEMA would award a $455,000 grant to help repair the village after the earthquake, the grant was lost after former Councilwoman Sandi Webb and USA Rep. Elton Gallegly, R-Simi Valley, opposed it. Gallegly called it a waste of taxpayers money. Also, James Lee Witt, the director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, said his organization had determined that the site was not eligible for Federal disaster relief money because it had not been open to the general public since 1984. The Simi Valley Historical Society and Rancho Simi Recreation and Park District recently allocated about $150,000 to restore an apricot pitting shed. The City of Simi Valley also contributed at least $24,000 through Community Development Block Grant funds to restore the 1920s wood shed with concrete pillars, a remnant of the areas apricot industry. Bottle Village is seen as unique to the community, a treasure worth saving, and with the right amount of funds (estimated to be a few hundred thousand dollars) and several months of dedicated restoration, it could happen.</p><br>
<h2>Bottle Village today and volunteering</h2><br>
<p>Ever since the 1994 Northridge earthquake, Bottle Village has been in dire need of support and funding. The late artist, Joanne Johnson wrote, that the “crumbling Bottle Village is an ironic paradox – built from castoffs, now cast aside," who was one of the docents, on the board of directions and served for some time as the president on the board. This piece of Folk Art is the definition of the saying “one mans treasure is another mans junk,” because of the disrepair the site is in now, there is very little activity. There are very few people who can still give scheduled tours of the village so personal tours are difficult to book but there are monthly private tours people can sign up to attend at www.bottlevillage.com.</p><br>
<p>Preserve Bottle village continues preservation efforts, speaking with private foundations. It has received a few generous grants in the past 15 years, from the Larry Janns – School of the Pacific Islands Foundation ($21,000), the Rothschild Foundation ($15,000), and the Gareth Evans - Golden Rule Foundation ($10,000 + $5,000).</p><br>
<p>Bottle Village is undergoing large repairs and is not open to the public. More information on visiting is available at www.bottlevillage.com. Preserve Bottle Village is a nonprofit group that now owns and oversees the property.</p><br>
<h2>Cultural references</h2><br>
<p>The Doll Head Shrine has created a cult following and was reproduced on the cover of Wall of Voodoo’s chart-topping single "Mexican Radio" in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Village inspired a 32-page children&#39;s book Bottle Houses: The Creative World of Grandma Prisbrey by Melissa Eskridge Slaymaker.</p><br>
<p>She is commemorated every year during Halloween at the Simi Valley Strathearn Park Ghost Tour, which tells the history of Simi Valley in a very entertaining way.</p><br>
<h2>Exhibitions</h2><br>
<p>1974–1976</p><br>
<p>"Naives and Visionaries", sponsored by the National Endowment for the Arts and the Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, MN</p><br>
<p>1975</p><br>
<p>"America Now", sponsored by the USA Information Agency (traveling European exhibition)</p><br>
<p>1976</p><br>
<p>"Grandma Prisbrey", Woman&#39;s Building, Los Angeles, CA (solo exhibition)</p><br>
<p>1977</p><br>
<p>"In Celebration of Ourselves", Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, CA</p><br>
<p>1979–1981</p><br>
<p>"A Look at the Art of the 70&#39;s", sponsored by the International Communication Agency (traveling exhibition)</p><br>
<p>1984</p><br>
<p>"Visions of Paradise", Beyond Baroque, Venice, CA</p><br>
<p>"Bits and Pieces: The Dream-builders of California", Chevron Art Gallery, San Francisco, CA</p><br>
<p>1985</p><br>
<p>"Divine Disorder: Folk Art Environments of California", Triton Museum of Art, Santa Clara, CA (traveling exhibition)</p><br>
<p>1985–1986</p><br>
<p>"A Time to Reap", Co-sponsored by Seton Hall Univ. NJ, & the Museum of American Folk Art, NY (traveling exhibition)</p><br>
<p>1986</p><br>
<p>"Cat and a Ball on a Waterfall: 200 Years of California Painting and Sculpture", Oakland Museum, Oakland, CA</p><br>
<p>1988</p><br>
<p>"Not so Naive: Bay Area Artists and Outsider Art", San Francisco Craft & Folk Art Museum, San Francisco, CA</p><br>
<p>1989</p><br>
<p>"Forty Years of California Assemblage", UCLA Whyte Gallery, Los Angeles, CA (traveling exhibition)</p><br>
<p>"Women in American Architecture", Pacific Design Center, Los Angeles, CA (traveling exhibition)</p><br>
<p>1990</p><br>
<p>"Ageless", the Woman&#39;s Building, Los Angeles, CA</p><br>
<p>1992</p><br>
<p>"Reflections of Bottle Village", Simi Valley Cultural Center, Simi Valley, CA</p><br>
<p>1995</p><br>
<p>"Visions from the Left Coast" Santa Barbara Contemporary Arts Forum, Santa Barbara, CA</p><br>
<p>1996–1999</p><br>
<p>"Recycled-Reseen" Santa Fe Museum of Art, Santa Fe, New Mexico (traveling)</p><br>
<p>2000</p><br>
<p>Outsider Art window display, Hennessy + Ingalls, Santa Monica, CA</p><br>
<h2>Gallery of images</h2><br>
<p>The Santa Paula Hardware Company Building, located in Santa Paula, California, and more commonly referred to as the Union Oil Company Building, is significant for its historical importance as the birthplace of the Union Oil Company on October 17, 1890. Originally the Santa Paula Hardware and Post Office were downstairs, and the Union Oil Company offices were upstairs. The building continued to serve as a field division office after the main headquarters moved to Los Angeles in 1900.</p><br>
<p>The Ventura County Cultural Heritage Board designated the building County Landmark #36 in December 1977. The building is a California Historical Landmark (#996) and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NPS-86002619).</p><br>
<h2>California Oil Museum</h2><br>
<p>In 1950, the Union Oil Museum was established, and in 1990, for its Centennial Celebration, the building was restored to its original appearance and reopened as a new state-of-the-art oil museum known as the California Oil Museum. The exhibits include oil and gas industry equipment such as an 1890s iron and timber operating drilling rig, historic gas pumps and product containers, a recreated 1890s period Union Oil Company corporate headquarters office, and a 1930s period apartment.</p><br>
<p>Lake Tele  is a freshwater lake in Epena District, Republic of the Congo.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Located at 1&deg;20&prime;N latitude, 17&deg;9&prime;E longitude in the north-eastern area of the Republic of the Congo, Lake Tele was formed in Pliocene alluvial sediments by an unknown geological process. It is elliptical, almost round, in shape and is surrounded by the Likouala swamp forests which are gradually covering it.</p><br>
<p>There are no significant inlets or outlets in the lake. The water of Lake Tele is turbid, it has high content of organic materials and is acidic (pH &lt; 4). The swamp forests around the lake have not yet been exhaustively explored.</p><br>
<h2>Legends</h2><br>
<p>Lake Tele is the best known home of the Mokèlé-mbèmbé (purportedly a large, unidentified reptilian creature), and is also supposedly the spot where pygmies killed and ate one of the creatures, around 1959.</p><br>
<p>The 1996 book Congo Journey, by British travel writer Redmond O&#39;Hanlon, describes in some detail his journey through Congo to Lake Tele in search of Mokèlé-mbèmbé, as well as giving a rich description of local fauna, flora and Congolese cultural practices and relations with the indigenous Pygmy peoples.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>The 4,389.6 km&sup2; wetland area of the Réserve Communautaire du Lac Télé/Likouala-aux-Herbes. It is a Ramsar site since 18 July 1998.</p><br>
<p>Surveys conducted by the Wildlife Conservation Society in 2006 and 2007 found more than 100,000 previously unreported gorillas have been living in the swamp forests of Lake Tele Community Reserve and in neighbouring Marantaceae (dryland) forests in the Republic of the Congo.</p><br>
<p>The Ventura County Courthouse, also known as Ventura City Hall, was designed in 1910 by one of the early pioneers of architecture in Southern California: Albert C. Martin, Sr. Noted for its gleaming terra cotta exterior, friars heads, and copper sheathed dome, his grand neoclassical design created one of the most beautiful civic structures in California. Located in downtown Ventura, the building became the Ventura City Hall in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and design</h2><br>
<p>When Albert C. Martin&#39;s plans were unveiled in 1911, the Los Angeles Times reported that the "Roman Doric order" design would be "one of the most imposing public structures in California, and a credit to the seat of government of the prosperous lima bean section." Built in 1912 at a cost of $225,000, the courthouse was dedicated in July 1913. An outstanding example of neo-classical architecture manifested in Beaux-Arts style, prevalent in public projects in the United States at the turn of the 20th century. The building is rich in details including a terra cotta facade with scrolls, floral designs, and whimsical faces of Franciscan padres, the order that founded the Mission San Buenaventura in 1782. The original central courtroom, now the City Council chambers, features dark mahogany woodwork, a stained-glass skylight (pictured at left) and arched windows.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation and subsequent usage</h2><br>
<p>In 1968, the courthouse was condemned as an earthquake risk, but the city bought the structure and spent $3.4 million to renovate it as Ventura&#39;s City Hall. In 1991, the Los Angeles Times said of the landmark structure: "Probably no local structure is more visually and symbolically dramatic, or as steeped in local legend. Perched like a lordly, lavish manor at the juncture of California and Poli streets, it overlooks the old town and the blue Pacific beyond -- a constant reminder of the past."</p><br>
<h2>Historic designation</h2><br>
<p>The courthouse is registered as California Historical Landmark #847 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NPS-71000211). Added to the National Register in August 1971, it was only the second building in Ventura County to receive the designation. The City Council designated this building Historic Landmark Number 4 by resolution on February 11, 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Historic Context</h2><br>
<p>Other buildings from this period of Ventura&#39;s history are nearby such as Judge Ewing Residence built in 1894 in the Queen Anne style.</p><br>
<p>The Graves is an aggregation of rock outcroppings in Massachusetts Bay, Massachusetts, United States. Situated some 11 mi offshore of downtown Boston, it is the outermost island in the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area. It is the location of The Graves Light, at 113 ft tall the tallest lighthouse in Boston Harbor, and an important navigation aid for traffic to and from the port. The island has a permanent size of 1.8 acres, and rises to a height of 15 ft above sea level; there is only aquatic vegetation on the island. The island is privately owned and the beacon and foghorn are managed by the Coast Guard, and is not open to the public.</p><br>
<p>The Graves are named after Thomas Graves, a prominent early trader of colonial Massachusetts and a rear admiral in the English Navy who was killed in action against the Dutch in 1653.</p><br>
<p>The Graves are northeast of the Roaring Bulls and far northwest of Three and One-half Fathom Ledge. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ceded jurisdiction of The Graves, which lay outside the jurisdiction of any town, to the Federal Government on April 22, 1903, so that a lighthouse could be built on the ledge. The United States Lighthouse Service operated Graves Light until 1939, when it was merged into the United States Coast Guard. Graves Light was declared surplus property and sold by auction to a private owner in 2013..</p><br>
<p>Fort McIntosh was an early American log frontier fort situated near the confluence of the Ohio River and the Beaver River in what is now Beaver, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>The fortress was constructed in 1778 under the direction of Lt. Col. Cambray-Digny, a French engineer, and named in honor of General Lachlan McIntosh. The fortress was the site of the signing of the Treaty of Fort McIntosh on January 21, 1785. It was occupied until it was abandoned in 1791. After the Revolution, the fort was the home of the First American Regiment, the oldest active unit in the United States Army.</p><br>
<p>The fort was in the form of a trapezoid, about 150 feet on each side, with raised earthen bastions on each corner. Log palisades connected the bastions, and a 15 foot wide ditch protected three sides of the fort, with the 130 foot slope to the Ohio River protecting the other side. Inside were three barracks, warehouses, officer&#39;s quarters, a forge, kitchen, and powder magazines. The fort may have had either two or four iron cannon.</p><br>
<p>Around the year 1976, citizens of the nearby community of Beaver decided, with great fanfare, to excavate the pilings and remaining stone foundations of the original Ft. McIntosh. They were successful in locating the outlines of the revolutionary era fort. Their efforts culminated in a dedication, presided over by retired Gen. William Westmoreland, in the summer of 1977. In late 2010, a local business owner donated money for a granite and sandstone memorial on the fort site.</p><br>
<p>The fort site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. In 1996, most of Beaver was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the "Beaver Historic District. At that time, the fort site was singled out as one of the most significant of the district&#39;s 1,250 contributing properties.</p><br>
<p>The Beaver Area Heritage Foundation protects the restored site, which features granite monuments and bronze plaques, as well as the original stone footers of the walls and fireplaces.</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
